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What is the primary study focus of embryology?
What is the primary study focus of embryology?
The embryonic period lasts until birth.
The embryonic period lasts until birth.
False
What is the term used for the compact ball of 16 cells formed on Day 3 of development?
What is the term used for the compact ball of 16 cells formed on Day 3 of development?
Morula
A substance that causes abnormality in physiological development is known as a _____ .
A substance that causes abnormality in physiological development is known as a _____ .
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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During which period does significant physiological development occur?
During which period does significant physiological development occur?
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Approximately 3% of people are born with congenital anomalies that require medical attention.
Approximately 3% of people are born with congenital anomalies that require medical attention.
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What is the term for the mass formation of cells before the zygote becomes a morula?
What is the term for the mass formation of cells before the zygote becomes a morula?
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The total duration from zygote formation to birth is approximately _____ days.
The total duration from zygote formation to birth is approximately _____ days.
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What major changes occur during spermiogenesis?
What major changes occur during spermiogenesis?
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The acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes that aid in fertilization.
The acrosome contains hydrolytic enzymes that aid in fertilization.
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What is the haploid number of chromosomes contained in the nucleus of a mature spermatozoon?
What is the haploid number of chromosomes contained in the nucleus of a mature spermatozoon?
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The head of the sperm consists of a nucleus and an ______ which contains digestive enzymes.
The head of the sperm consists of a nucleus and an ______ which contains digestive enzymes.
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Match the parts of mature spermatozoon with their functions:
Match the parts of mature spermatozoon with their functions:
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What is indicated by the presence of spermatozoa with cytoplasmic droplets in an ejaculate?
What is indicated by the presence of spermatozoa with cytoplasmic droplets in an ejaculate?
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Which part of the digestive system is considered the hindgut?
Which part of the digestive system is considered the hindgut?
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Spermatogenesis occurs in the ovaries of females.
Spermatogenesis occurs in the ovaries of females.
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What is the primary function of gametogenesis?
What is the primary function of gametogenesis?
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The mature female reproductive cell is known as a ______.
The mature female reproductive cell is known as a ______.
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Match the stages of oogenesis with their descriptions:
Match the stages of oogenesis with their descriptions:
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At what stage does oogenesis pause until further development occurs?
At what stage does oogenesis pause until further development occurs?
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Females produce a new ovum every month from puberty until menopause.
Females produce a new ovum every month from puberty until menopause.
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Identify the male reproductive organ where spermatogenesis takes place.
Identify the male reproductive organ where spermatogenesis takes place.
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The proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon is part of the ______.
The proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon is part of the ______.
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How many eggs does a female typically develop in her lifetime?
How many eggs does a female typically develop in her lifetime?
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Which germ layer is responsible for forming the skin and nervous system?
Which germ layer is responsible for forming the skin and nervous system?
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The trophoblast is responsible for forming the inner layer of the blastocyst.
The trophoblast is responsible for forming the inner layer of the blastocyst.
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What is the process called when the bilaminar germ disc acquires a third germ layer?
What is the process called when the bilaminar germ disc acquires a third germ layer?
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The _______ is formed by end of Week 2 from epiblast cells.
The _______ is formed by end of Week 2 from epiblast cells.
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Match the following structures with their functions:
Match the following structures with their functions:
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What does the endoderm develop into?
What does the endoderm develop into?
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The yolk sac has significant nutritional value in adult humans.
The yolk sac has significant nutritional value in adult humans.
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Which layer of the germ disc forms the muscles, bones, and connective tissue?
Which layer of the germ disc forms the muscles, bones, and connective tissue?
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The _______ is the cavity of the blastocyst.
The _______ is the cavity of the blastocyst.
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Which structure develops from the anterior part of the alimentary canal?
Which structure develops from the anterior part of the alimentary canal?
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At what stage does the secondary oocyte complete the second meiotic division?
At what stage does the secondary oocyte complete the second meiotic division?
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The primary oocyte finishes the first meiotic division immediately after puberty.
The primary oocyte finishes the first meiotic division immediately after puberty.
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What hormone surge is responsible for the final stage of maturation and the rupture of the follicle?
What hormone surge is responsible for the final stage of maturation and the rupture of the follicle?
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The protective layer around the ovum is called the ______.
The protective layer around the ovum is called the ______.
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Match the phase of the menstrual cycle with its description:
Match the phase of the menstrual cycle with its description:
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Which of the following occurs during the Luteal Phase?
Which of the following occurs during the Luteal Phase?
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Only one secondary oocyte is released in each ovarian cycle.
Only one secondary oocyte is released in each ovarian cycle.
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What happens to the secondary oocyte if fertilization does not occur?
What happens to the secondary oocyte if fertilization does not occur?
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The process by which the secondary oocyte is released from the ovary is called ______.
The process by which the secondary oocyte is released from the ovary is called ______.
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What occurs approximately 14 days prior to the expected menstrual period?
What occurs approximately 14 days prior to the expected menstrual period?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Embryology
- Embryology is the study of the development of an embryo from fertilization to the fetus stage.
- The embryonic period extends from conception to the third month of development.
- The fetal period lasts from the third month of development until birth.
- A teratogen is a substance that can cause developmental abnormalities.
Terminology
- A zygote is a fertilized egg, marking the earliest stage of embryonic development.
- A morula is a compact ball of 16 cells formed on Day 3.
- The embryoblast, also known as the inner cell mass (ICM), gives rise to the three primary germ layers: endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm.
- A blastocyst forms on Day 4 and consists of a trophoblast surrounding the blastocoele and embryoblast.
- The trophoblast forms the placenta.
- The hypoblast forms on Day 8 from the inner cell mass and gives rise to extra-embryonic tissues like the yolk sac, chorion, amnion, and allantois.
- The epiblast, also developing from the ICM, lies above the hypoblast. Epiblast cells are pluripotent, meaning they can differentiate into any cell type.
Gastrulation and Trilaminar Germ Disc
- Gastrulation marks the embryonic phase where the bilaminar germ disc acquires a third germ layer, transforming into the trilaminar germ disc.
- The trilaminar germ disc consists of the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
- The ectoderm (outer layer) forms the skin, nervous system, hair, and sensory organs.
- The mesoderm (middle layer) develops into muscles, bones, connective tissue, and the circulatory system.
- The endoderm (inner layer) gives rise to internal organs such as the lungs, liver, and pancreas.
Gametogenesis
- Gametogenesis is the process producing gametes (sperm and egg cells) for sexual reproduction.
- Spermatogenesis involves the production of sperm cells in the testes.
- Oogenesis signifies the production of egg cells in the ovaries.
Oogenesis
- Oogenesis is the process of forming an ovum (egg) in the ovaries.
- It involves a series of stages, including the development of oogonia, primary follicles, growing follicles, primary oocytes, secondary follicles, tertiary follicles, and finally, ovulation.
- At birth, females possess a lifetime supply of developing oocytes, each in Prophase I.
- A secondary oocyte is released each month from puberty until menopause.
- The primary oocyte completes the first meiotic division during puberty.
- The secondary oocyte completes the second meiotic division after fertilization by sperm in the fallopian tube.
Ovulation
- Ovulation is the process of releasing the secondary oocyte from the ovary when the mature Graafian follicle ruptures.
- Usually, only one secondary oocyte is released during an ovarian cycle, which starts at puberty and ends in menopause.
- Ovulation typically occurs around 14 days before the expected menstrual period.
Spermatogenesis
- Spermatogenesis is the process producing sperm cells in the testes.
- The stages involve spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis.
- Spermatocytogenesis includes the germ cell division and differentiation into spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, and secondary spermatocytes.
- Spermiogenesis involves the morphological transformation of spermatids into mature spermatozoa.
Structure of a Mature Spermatozoon
- The sperm consists of the head, neck, middle piece, and tail.
- The head contains the nucleus with haploid chromosomes and the acrosome, which contains digestive enzymes for fertilization.
- The centrioles are found in the middle piece along with mitochondria, which provide energy for locomotion.
- The tail enables the sperm's motility.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of embryology, including the stages of development from fertilization to birth. Learn key terminology such as zygote, morula, and blastocyst, as well as the roles of various structures in embryonic development. Test your understanding of these critical concepts in the study of human development.
