Human Embryology and Systems Overview
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Questions and Answers

What structure connects the valve cusps to the muscular walls of the ventricles?

  • Papillary muscles
  • Arterial arches
  • Chordae tendineae (correct)
  • Venous structures

What is the primary function of the papillary muscles in the heart?

  • Support the closure of heart valves (correct)
  • Regulate blood flow
  • Pump blood to the lungs
  • Oxygenate the blood

Which of the following best describes the relationship between chordae tendineae and papillary muscles?

  • Chordae tendineae connect valves to the heart's surface.
  • Chordae tendineae attach to papillary muscles from valve cusps. (correct)
  • Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles have no functional relationship.
  • Chordae tendineae are formed from papillary muscles.

What type of tissue gradually replaces the muscular structures in the heart's valves?

<p>Dense connective tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the development of the cardiovascular system is true?

<p>Chorionic villi play a role in vascular development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two sequential steps involved in blood vessel formation?

<p>Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of haemangioblasts in the formation of blood vessels?

<p>They contribute to the formation of blood vessels and haematopoiesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of endothelial cells during vascular development?

<p>They differentiate, proliferate, migrate, and organize into a vascular network. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which week of gestation does the development of cardiac tubes begin?

<p>3rd week (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms the endothelial lining of the emerging vascular system?

<p>Squamous cells at the periphery of the blood islands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is formed by angiogenic cell clusters within the cardiogenic plate?

<p>Endocardial tube (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of specific growth factors during vascular development?

<p>Facilitating hormone secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the haematopoietic islands as development progresses?

<p>They become less compact and form new tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the endothelial lining of the cardiac tube develop into?

<p>Endocardium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer forms the myocardium during the development of the heart?

<p>Myoepicardial layer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of the expanded portions of the cardiac tube from cranial to caudal end?

<p>Truncus arteriosus, bulbus cordis, ventricle, atrium, sinus venosus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cardiac tube remains bifurcated at the caudal end?

<p>Sinus venosus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mesocardium persists for a longer duration during heart development?

<p>Dorsal mesocardium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shape does the developing heart take as it grows larger than the pericardial cavity?

<p>S-Shaped (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which transcription factors are primarily involved in the formation of the bulbo-ventricular loop?

<p>Hand-1 and Hand-2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of deleting genes encoding Hand-1 or Hand-2 transcription factors?

<p>Hypoplasia of the ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is spina bifida characterized by?

<p>An open vertebral canal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of spina bifida typically involves normal development of the spinal cord and nerve roots?

<p>Spina bifida occulta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence if the dura mater ruptures in spina bifida?

<p>Subcutaneous bulge filled with cerebrospinal fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can increase the incidence of neural tube anomalies according to research?

<p>Fertilization beyond the optimal time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method is used for prenatal diagnosis of spina bifida?

<p>Detection of elevated levels of α-fetoprotein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in complete closure failure of the neural tube?

<p>The condition is known as rachischisis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the neural plate develops into the mid-brain?

<p>Mesencephalon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of the ventral cranial flexure?

<p>It occurs in the mid-brain region (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the neuroblasts that migrate to the mantle layer during spinal cord development?

<p>To form the gray matter of the spinal cord (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell types serves as the sensory components of the peripheral nervous system?

<p>Dorsal root ganglia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure marks the boundary between sensory and motor regions of the developing spinal cord?

<p>Sulcus limitans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons are characterized by multiple short dendrites and a single long axon?

<p>Multipolar neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the neural tube is primarily responsible for the formation of astrocytes?

<p>Mantle layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure does the central canal of the spinal cord decrease in as its development progresses?

<p>Diameter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parts do the dorsal roof plate and ventral floor plate of the neural tube serve?

<p>Paths for crossing fibers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What region of the neural tube specifically contributes to the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Lateral horns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the myelin sheath formed by neurilemmal cells?

<p>To enhance the speed of nerve impulse transmission. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the spinal cord during fetal development compared to the vertebral column?

<p>The spinal cord becomes significantly shorter than the vertebral column. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure anchors the conus medullaris to the caudal vertebrae?

<p>Filum terminale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the elongated nerve roots that travel caudally within the vertebral canal?

<p>Cauda equina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of the neural tube's failure to close during development?

<p>Improper formation of the vertebral column. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is located at the caudal end of the spinal cord tapering to form the conus medullaris?

<p>Glial and ependymal cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the intervertebral foramina to be positioned more caudally than the origins of the spinal nerves?

<p>Faster growth of the vertebral column. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect can teratogenic factors have on the neural tube during development?

<p>To disrupt normal differentiation of neuroepithelium. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Vasculogenesis

The initial formation of blood vessels.

Angiogenesis

The growth of new blood vessels from existing ones, a later step.

Haemangioblasts

Cells that contribute to blood vessel formation and blood cell production.

Endothelial cells

Cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels.

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Primitive Circulatory System

The earliest network of blood vessels and heart in an embryo.

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Splanchnic mesoderm

One of the layers of the mesoderm near the developing gut of the embryo, where blood vessel formation often begins.

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Cardiac tubes

The initial structures that develop into the heart during embryonic development.

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3rd week of gestation

The stage of pregnancy where the cardiac tubes start forming.

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Cardiac tube formation

The heart develops from a single tube.

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Layers of the heart

Endocardium (inner), myocardium (muscle), and epicardium (outer) are the three layers of the heart.

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Cardiac tube's initial location

The beginning cardiac tube is within the pericardial cavity, supported by mesocardia.

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Mesocardia importance

Mesocardia anchors the tube, but later the dorsal mesocardia breaks down.

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Bulbo-ventricular loop

The heart's U-shaped bend, formed by fast heart growth vs. slower surrounding cavity.

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S-shaped heart

Developed heart curves as more mature, due to the sinus venosus drawn into pericardial cavity.

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Transcription factors (Hand)

Heart development factors regulating left/right ventricle formation.

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Heart growth effects

Heart development leads to S-shaped form, with atrium and sinus venosus moving into the pericardial cavity.

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Chordae Tendineae

Strong, fibrous cords that connect the valve cusps to the papillary muscles in the heart, helping to prevent valve prolapse.

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Papillary Muscles

Small, cone-shaped muscles protruding from the ventricular walls, connected to the valve cusps via chordae tendineae, ensuring proper valve closure.

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Conducting System of the Heart

Specialized network of muscle tissue within the heart responsible for generating and conducting electrical impulses that control heart contractions.

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What are the derivatives of aortic arch arteries?

The aortic arch arteries develop into various important blood vessels, including the common carotid arteries for head & neck, the subclavian arteries for arms, and the ductus arteriosus connecting the aorta to the pulmonary artery during fetal development.

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What are the key points in venous system development?

Development of venous system involves early formation of vitelline veins (yolk sac), umbilical veins (from placenta), and cardinal veins (along the developing embryo). These veins eventually contribute to the formation of key adult veins.

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Neural tube layers

The neural tube develops three layers: the ependymal layer (innermost), the mantle layer (middle), and the marginal layer (outermost).

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Neuroblast migration

Neuroblasts, immature nerve cells, migrate from the ependymal layer outward to form the mantle layer, which becomes the grey matter of the spinal cord.

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Mantle layer function

The mantle layer, formed by migrating neuroblasts, develops into the grey matter of the spinal cord, containing neuron cell bodies.

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Marginal layer formation

The cytoplasmic processes of neuroblasts extend into the marginal layer, forming the white matter of the spinal cord.

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Alar and basal plates

The mantle layer differentiates into dorsal alar plates (sensory) and ventral basal plates (motor) due to neuroblast proliferation.

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Sulcus limitans

A groove within the central canal of the spinal cord, the sulcus limitans separates the sensory alar plates from the motor basal plates.

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Spinal cord grey matter shape

The fusion of alar and basal plates in the spinal cord results in the characteristic 'butterfly' shape of grey matter.

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Motor neuron structure

Motor neurons in the basal plates have multiple dendrites on one side and a single long axon on the opposite side, extending to effector organs.

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Myelinated Nerve Fiber

A nerve fiber where a neurilemmal cell wraps around a single nerve fiber multiple times, creating layers of cytoplasm and plasma membrane, forming the myelin sheath.

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Myelination Process

The process where the neurilemmal cell's cytoplasm is extruded, and its plasma membranes fuse to form the myelin sheath around a nerve fiber.

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Conus Medullaris

The tapered caudal end of the spinal cord formed due to fewer neurons developing there.

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Filum Terminale

A cord-like structure of glial and ependymal cells extending from the conus medullaris, anchoring it to the caudal vertebrae.

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Cauda Equina

The arrangement of elongated nerve roots of the lumbar, sacral, and caudal spinal nerves extending caudally before exiting the vertebral canal.

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Neural Tube Defect

A birth defect resulting from the failure of the neural tube to close completely.

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Teratogenic Factors

Agents that can disrupt the normal differentiation of neuroepithelium and cause neural tube defects.

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Spinal Cord Length Difference

The spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral canal, due to faster vertebral column growth during fetal development.

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Spina Bifida

A birth defect that occurs when the spinal canal doesn't close completely during pregnancy. This can lead to a range of physical and neurological challenges depending on the severity.

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Spina Bifida Occulta

The mildest form of spina bifida, where one or two vertebral arches fail to close, but the spinal cord and nerves develop normally. Often no symptoms are present.

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Meningocele

A type of spina bifida where only the meninges (membranes surrounding the spinal cord) and cerebrospinal fluid herniate through the opening. May show minor neurological signs.

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Meningomyelocoele

A severe form of spina bifida where both the meninges and the spinal cord are displaced into the herniated area. Can lead to significant neurological damage.

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Rachischisis

A complete failure of neural tube closure, causing the spinal cord to be exposed. This is invariably fatal.

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Neural Tube Closure Failure

This is the underlying cause of spina bifida. The neural tube, which will develop into the brain and spinal cord, does not close properly during fetal development.

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α-fetoprotein

A protein found in the amniotic fluid that can be used to screen for spina bifida during pregnancy. Elevated levels of α-fetoprotein may indicate a neural tube defect.

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Cranial Flexure

The bend or curve in the developing brain, which occurs in the mid-brain (mesencephalon) region. This is a key step in the brain's development.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular System

  • One of the first functional systems to develop in the embryo
  • Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues
  • Transports waste products
  • Includes the heart, arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels

Embryological and Post-natal features of Hematopoiesis

  • Embryological aspects of hematopoiesis
  • Cell differentiation and maturation during hematopoiesis
  • Stem cells in adult humans and mature animals
  • Immunodeficiency
  • Inherited defects in natural immunity

Nervous System

  • Dorsal-ventral patterning of the neural tube
  • Neural crest differentiation
  • Cellular components of the neural tube
  • Spinal nerves
  • Myelination of peripheral nerve fibers
  • Changes in the relative positions of the spinal cord and the developing vertebral column
  • Anomalies of the spinal cord
  • Differentiation of the brain sub-divisions
  • Ventricular system of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation
  • Molecular aspects of brain development
  • Brain anomalies
  • Brainstem and spinal cord
  • Cranial nerves
  • Peripheral nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Enteric nervous system
  • Meninges

Blood Vessel Formation

  • Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis
  • Blood islands form in the yolk sac (first), then allantois
  • Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and angiopoietin proteins initiate vasculogenesis.
  • Fibroblast growth factor influences splanchnic mesodermal cells to form haemangioblasts.
  • Haemangioblasts give rise to both hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells in the yolk sac.
  • Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) acts on tyrosine kinase receptors for blood vessel formation.

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Description

Explore the intricate systems of human development, focusing on the cardiovascular and nervous systems, as well as the hematopoietic process. This quiz covers key embryological features, cellular differentiation, and the functional importance of these systems. Test your understanding of how these systems develop and their roles in the human body.

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