Human Embryology and Systems Overview

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Questions and Answers

What structure connects the valve cusps to the muscular walls of the ventricles?

Papillary muscles

Arterial arches

Chordae tendineae (correct)

Venous structures

What is the primary function of the papillary muscles in the heart?

Support the closure of heart valves (correct)

Regulate blood flow

Pump blood to the lungs

Oxygenate the blood

Which of the following best describes the relationship between chordae tendineae and papillary muscles?

Chordae tendineae connect valves to the heart's surface.

Chordae tendineae attach to papillary muscles from valve cusps. (correct)

Chordae tendineae and papillary muscles have no functional relationship.

Chordae tendineae are formed from papillary muscles.

What type of tissue gradually replaces the muscular structures in the heart's valves?

Dense connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the development of the cardiovascular system is true?

Chorionic villi play a role in vascular development. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two sequential steps involved in blood vessel formation?

Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of haemangioblasts in the formation of blood vessels?

They contribute to the formation of blood vessels and haematopoiesis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of endothelial cells during vascular development?

They differentiate, proliferate, migrate, and organize into a vascular network. Signup and view all the answers

During which week of gestation does the development of cardiac tubes begin?

3rd week Signup and view all the answers

What forms the endothelial lining of the emerging vascular system?

Squamous cells at the periphery of the blood islands Signup and view all the answers

What structure is formed by angiogenic cell clusters within the cardiogenic plate?

Endocardial tube Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of specific growth factors during vascular development?

Facilitating hormone secretion Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the haematopoietic islands as development progresses?

They become less compact and form new tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What does the endothelial lining of the cardiac tube develop into?

Endocardium Signup and view all the answers

Which layer forms the myocardium during the development of the heart?

Myoepicardial layer Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of the expanded portions of the cardiac tube from cranial to caudal end?

Truncus arteriosus, bulbus cordis, ventricle, atrium, sinus venosus Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cardiac tube remains bifurcated at the caudal end?

Sinus venosus Signup and view all the answers

Which mesocardium persists for a longer duration during heart development?

Dorsal mesocardium Signup and view all the answers

What shape does the developing heart take as it grows larger than the pericardial cavity?

S-Shaped Signup and view all the answers

Which transcription factors are primarily involved in the formation of the bulbo-ventricular loop?

Hand-1 and Hand-2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of deleting genes encoding Hand-1 or Hand-2 transcription factors?

Hypoplasia of the ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What is spina bifida characterized by?

An open vertebral canal Signup and view all the answers

Which form of spina bifida typically involves normal development of the spinal cord and nerve roots?

Spina bifida occulta Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence if the dura mater ruptures in spina bifida?

Subcutaneous bulge filled with cerebrospinal fluid Signup and view all the answers

What can increase the incidence of neural tube anomalies according to research?

Fertilization beyond the optimal time Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method is used for prenatal diagnosis of spina bifida?

Detection of elevated levels of α-fetoprotein Signup and view all the answers

What happens in complete closure failure of the neural tube?

The condition is known as rachischisis Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the neural plate develops into the mid-brain?

Mesencephalon Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of the ventral cranial flexure?

It occurs in the mid-brain region Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the neuroblasts that migrate to the mantle layer during spinal cord development?

To form the gray matter of the spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell types serves as the sensory components of the peripheral nervous system?

Dorsal root ganglia Signup and view all the answers

What structure marks the boundary between sensory and motor regions of the developing spinal cord?

Sulcus limitans Signup and view all the answers

What type of neurons are characterized by multiple short dendrites and a single long axon?

Multipolar neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the neural tube is primarily responsible for the formation of astrocytes?

Mantle layer Signup and view all the answers

What structure does the central canal of the spinal cord decrease in as its development progresses?

Diameter Signup and view all the answers

Which parts do the dorsal roof plate and ventral floor plate of the neural tube serve?

Paths for crossing fibers Signup and view all the answers

What region of the neural tube specifically contributes to the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Lateral horns Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the myelin sheath formed by neurilemmal cells?

To enhance the speed of nerve impulse transmission. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the spinal cord during fetal development compared to the vertebral column?

The spinal cord becomes significantly shorter than the vertebral column. Signup and view all the answers

What structure anchors the conus medullaris to the caudal vertebrae?

Filum terminale Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the elongated nerve roots that travel caudally within the vertebral canal?

Cauda equina Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of the neural tube's failure to close during development?

Improper formation of the vertebral column. Signup and view all the answers

What is located at the caudal end of the spinal cord tapering to form the conus medullaris?

Glial and ependymal cells Signup and view all the answers

What causes the intervertebral foramina to be positioned more caudally than the origins of the spinal nerves?

Faster growth of the vertebral column. Signup and view all the answers

What effect can teratogenic factors have on the neural tube during development?

To disrupt normal differentiation of neuroepithelium. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cardiovascular System

One of the first functional systems to develop in the embryo
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues
Transports waste products
Includes the heart, arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels

Embryological and Post-natal features of Hematopoiesis

Embryological aspects of hematopoiesis
Cell differentiation and maturation during hematopoiesis
Stem cells in adult humans and mature animals
Immunodeficiency
Inherited defects in natural immunity

Nervous System

Dorsal-ventral patterning of the neural tube
Neural crest differentiation
Cellular components of the neural tube
Spinal nerves
Myelination of peripheral nerve fibers
Changes in the relative positions of the spinal cord and the developing vertebral column
Anomalies of the spinal cord
Differentiation of the brain sub-divisions
Ventricular system of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation
Molecular aspects of brain development
Brain anomalies
Brainstem and spinal cord
Cranial nerves
Peripheral nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Enteric nervous system
Meninges

Blood Vessel Formation

Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis
Blood islands form in the yolk sac (first), then allantois
Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and angiopoietin proteins initiate vasculogenesis.
Fibroblast growth factor influences splanchnic mesodermal cells to form haemangioblasts.
Haemangioblasts give rise to both hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells in the yolk sac.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) acts on tyrosine kinase receptors for blood vessel formation.

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Description

Explore the intricate systems of human development, focusing on the cardiovascular and nervous systems, as well as the hematopoietic process. This quiz covers key embryological features, cellular differentiation, and the functional importance of these systems. Test your understanding of how these systems develop and their roles in the human body.