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What is the role of pioneer species in an ecosystem?
What is the role of pioneer species in an ecosystem?
Which stage is characterized by tall grasses and small shrubs?
Which stage is characterized by tall grasses and small shrubs?
What process involves species establishing themselves in an area after migrating?
What process involves species establishing themselves in an area after migrating?
What is the climax community in an ecological succession?
What is the climax community in an ecological succession?
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What type of succession occurs when plant growth starts in aquatic environments?
What type of succession occurs when plant growth starts in aquatic environments?
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Which of the following describes the aggregation process in ecological succession?
Which of the following describes the aggregation process in ecological succession?
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What does the reaction mechanism in ecology refer to?
What does the reaction mechanism in ecology refer to?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of lichens as pioneer species?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of lichens as pioneer species?
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What is the term used for plant succession that begins in extremely dry places?
What is the term used for plant succession that begins in extremely dry places?
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What distinguishes secondary succession from primary succession?
What distinguishes secondary succession from primary succession?
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In which phase of succession does the creation of a bare area occur?
In which phase of succession does the creation of a bare area occur?
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What is a climatic climax?
What is a climatic climax?
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Which of the following best describes the process of ecesis in plant succession?
Which of the following best describes the process of ecesis in plant succession?
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What occurs during the termination phase of succession?
What occurs during the termination phase of succession?
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What is an edaphic climax characterized by?
What is an edaphic climax characterized by?
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Which event is part of the initiation phase in succession?
Which event is part of the initiation phase in succession?
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What is indicated by the arrows in the models of succession presented?
What is indicated by the arrows in the models of succession presented?
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How does apparent competition mainly differ from direct competition?
How does apparent competition mainly differ from direct competition?
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What was the effect of the population increase of grass aphids on nettle aphids?
What was the effect of the population increase of grass aphids on nettle aphids?
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Which type of competition can be stronger than direct competition?
Which type of competition can be stronger than direct competition?
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What is a potential consequence of increased predator populations in an ecosystem?
What is a potential consequence of increased predator populations in an ecosystem?
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How can apparent competition arise due to invasive species?
How can apparent competition arise due to invasive species?
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Which type of competition occurs when organisms compete indirectly through a common predator?
Which type of competition occurs when organisms compete indirectly through a common predator?
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What might happen to a plateaued prey species if its competitor's population increases significantly?
What might happen to a plateaued prey species if its competitor's population increases significantly?
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What is an edaphic climax?
What is an edaphic climax?
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Which scenario best describes a catastrophic climax?
Which scenario best describes a catastrophic climax?
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What defines a disclimax community?
What defines a disclimax community?
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What is the primary idea of Monoclimax Theory?
What is the primary idea of Monoclimax Theory?
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Which concept posits that multiple environmental factors control the climax of a community?
Which concept posits that multiple environmental factors control the climax of a community?
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What characterizes a preclimax community?
What characterizes a preclimax community?
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What happens during the subclimax stage of succession?
What happens during the subclimax stage of succession?
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What is the distinction between postclimax and preclimax communities?
What is the distinction between postclimax and preclimax communities?
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What is intraspecific competition?
What is intraspecific competition?
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Which scenario best represents indirect competition?
Which scenario best represents indirect competition?
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What characterizes exploitative competition?
What characterizes exploitative competition?
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What type of competition involves direct interaction among organisms?
What type of competition involves direct interaction among organisms?
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Which type of competition occurs when species thrive on a shared resource but do not interact physically?
Which type of competition occurs when species thrive on a shared resource but do not interact physically?
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In the scenario where kangaroo males fight for mating rights, what type of competition is this an example of?
In the scenario where kangaroo males fight for mating rights, what type of competition is this an example of?
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What distinguishes apparent competition from other types of competition?
What distinguishes apparent competition from other types of competition?
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Why are plants unable to grow too close together, according to intraspecific competition principles?
Why are plants unable to grow too close together, according to intraspecific competition principles?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Ecological Succession
- Succession: The gradual process of change in a community over time.
- Pioneer Species: The first species to colonize a barren habitat, like lichens or mosses.
- Climax Community: The final, stable community in a succession; in equilibrium with the climate.
Stages of Succession
- Initiation: Begins with the creation of a bare area and involves migration and establishment of species.
- Continuation: Characterized by competition for resources among established species.
- Termination: The community reaches stability and maintains equilibrium with the habitat.
Types of Primary Succession
- Hydrach (Hydrosere): Succession starting in water.
- Xerach (Xerosere): Succession starting in a desert or extremely dry environment.
- Mesarch: Succession with adequate moisture.
- Lithosere: Succession starting on rocks.
- Psammosere: Succession starting on sand.
- Halosere: Succession in saline water or soil.
Secondary Succession
- Occurs in habitats where communities were partially or entirely destroyed but soil remains intact.
- Proceeds faster than primary succession as soil and a seed bank are already present.
Climax Community Types
- Climatic Climax: A single climax community determined by the region's climate.
- Edaphic Climax: Multiple climax communities within a region due to local substrate variations like soil type.
- Catastrophic Climax: Climax vegetation vulnerable to catastrophic events like wildfires.
- Disclimax (Disturbance Climax): A stable, non-climatic community maintained by human activities.
- Subclimax: A community preceding the climatic climax.
- Preclimax: A community with life forms lower than those in the expected climatic climax.
- Postclimax: A community with life forms higher than those in the expected climatic climax.
Theories about Climax Concept
- Mono climax Theory: Proposes a single climax community within each region, determined by climate.
- Polyclimax Theory: Emphasizes that multiple factors, not just climate, shape the climax community.
- Climax-Pattern Hypothesis: Considers the role of multiple factors in shaping the climax community along environmental gradients.
Competition
- Apparent Competition: Indirect competition between species with the same predator.
- Exploitation Competition: Species compete indirectly by utilizing a shared limiting resource.
- Interference Competition: Direct competition where organisms physically interfere with one another.
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Description
Explore the gradual process of ecological succession, including its stages and pioneer species. Understand the differences between types of primary succession, such as hydrach and xerach. This quiz will test your knowledge of how communities evolve over time and reach stability.
