Introduction to Earthquake Engineering
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Introduction to Earthquake Engineering

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Questions and Answers

What type of boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move apart from each other?

  • Transform Boundary
  • Convergent Boundary
  • Passive Margin
  • Divergent Boundary (correct)

    • Which term describes the activity at mid-ocean ridges?

  • Plate Subduction
  • Seafloor Spreading (correct)
  • Continental Rifting
  • Faulting

    • What is typically the result of a convergent boundary interaction?

  • Creation of new oceanic crust
  • One plate sliding under another (correct)
  • Formation of earthquakes without plate movement
  • Separation of tectonic plates

    • What is created when a continent experiences divergence, resulting in a continental rift?

    <p>An ocean basin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological feature is often formed at a transform boundary?

    <p>Fault line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the regions between tectonic belts typically exhibit?

    <p>Stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon describes the early stage of seafloor spreading that resulted in the formation of the Red Sea?

    <p>Continental Rifting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs frequently at divergent boundaries, particularly at mid-ocean ridges?

    <p>Small- to moderate-sized earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the intensity of the 1968 Casiguran earthquake on the Rossi-Forel Intensity Scale?

    <p>VIII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major event occurred to a building during the Casiguran earthquake?

    <p>It collapsed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological feature is involved in the 2004 earthquake described?

    <p>Subduction zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Engineering Geology and GeoHazard Assessment (EGGA) process play?

    <p>To conduct geological surveys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Richter scale measure?

    <p>The energy released by an earthquake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What generally happens to a seismic wave when it passes into a material that causes it to slow down?

    <p>It is refracted away from the interface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A magnitude increase of 1 on the Richter scale indicates how much increase in amplitude of seismic waves?

    <p>Tenfold increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the DENR AO2000-28 issued by the Philippine government?

    <p>To protect lives from geologic hazards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a seismic ray have when it passes from a fast material to a slower one?

    <p>It is refracted upward toward the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Modified Mercalli Intensity scale value of 'I' signify?

    <p>A barely felt earthquake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main consequence of the Casiguran earthquake in relation to infrastructure?

    <p>Major buildings sustained various levels of structural damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which earthquake is known to have occurred in 1964 in Alaska and had a magnitude of 9.2?

    <p>Alaska earthquake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What caused much of the destruction during the 1964 Alaska earthquake?

    <p>Tsunami generated by the seafloor uplift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What magnitude range is attributed to the San Francisco earthquake of 1906?

    <p>7.7 to 7.8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is primarily used to describe what aspect of earthquakes?

    <p>The effects of shaking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon often accompanies major earthquakes like the one in San Francisco in 1906?

    <p>Fires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes most earthquakes?

    <p>Movement of tectonic plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Earth is the outermost?

    <p>Continental Crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average thickness of oceanic crust?

    <p>7 km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the mantle of the Earth?

    <p>Nearly all of it is solid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes an earthquake?

    <p>A sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Philippine Fault System primarily differ from the United States Fault System?

    <p>Philippine Fault System has a different tectonic plate configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of the outer core of the Earth?

    <p>Liquid metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when stress builds up along a fault?

    <p>It can lead to the fault slipping when released</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What design feature helps tall structures survive low frequency vibrations?

    <p>Stronger and heavier lower floors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT contribute to the vulnerability of buildings during earthquakes?

    <p>Heavy upper floors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the provisions in the National Structural Code of the Philippines regarding earthquake loads?

    <p>To design structures that can withstand major damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are seismic hazard characteristics for a site determined?

    <p>By assessing the site's proximity to active seismic sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following provinces is included in Zone 2 as per the seismic zoning in the Philippines?

    <p>Palawan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended method for enhancing the seismic resilience of structures?

    <p>Incorporating extra reinforcement with steel cables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key requirement after a severe earthquake according to the relevant structural code?

    <p>Routine inspections and appropriate repairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes tall structures to be particularly vulnerable to vibrations?

    <p>Having large, unsupported spaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Earthquake Engineering

    • Earthquakes result from sudden energy release in the Earth's crust, creating seismic waves.
    • Stress build-up along fault lines over time often triggers earthquakes.
    • Tectonic plate movement is the primary cause of most earthquakes.

    Earth Structure

    • Earth consists of concentric layers: crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core.
    • Continental crust averages 35-40 km (20-25 mi) thick; oceanic crust averages about 7 km (4 mi).
    • The mantle extends down to 2,900 km (1,800 mi) and is mostly solid, composed of minerals under high pressure.

    Tectonic Plates

    • Lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates, leading to seismic activity at boundaries.
    • Three types of plate boundaries:
      • Divergent: Plates move apart, creating new oceanic lithosphere (e.g., mid-ocean ridges).
      • Convergent: Plates collide, leading to one slipping under another, forming mountains or subduction zones.
      • Transform: Plates slide horizontally past each other, causing significant earthquakes.

    Earthquake Measurement

    • Magnitude measures energy release, using the Richter scale (0 to 10+).
    • Each whole number increase represents a tenfold increase in seismic wave amplitude.
    • The Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale measures ground shaking effects, from barely felt (I) to complete destruction (XII).

    Major Earthquake Events

    • Alaska, 1964: Magnitude 9.2; resulted in 128 deaths and severe infrastructure damage, driven by thrust faults.
    • San Francisco, 1906: Magnitude estimated between 7.7 to 7.8; caused extensive destruction and over 3,000 fatalities due to ground shaking and fires.
    • Casiguran Earthquake, 1968: Intensity VIII; led to the collapse of the Ruby Tower in Manila, marking one of the most destructive earthquakes in the Philippines.

    Seismic Wave Dynamics

    • Seismic waves refract differently when passing through materials of varying densities, impacting their speed and direction.
    • Lower frequency vibrations can be managed in tall structures with reinforced foundations and design.

    Civil Engineering Design Considerations

    • National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) aims for seismic-resistant structures to mitigate disaster impacts.
    • Inspections and repairs post-earthquake are essential to ensure structural safety.
    • The Philippine archipelago is divided into two seismic zones (Zone 2 and Zone 4) based on seismic hazard characteristics and proximity to fault lines.

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    Description

    This quiz covers fundamental concepts in earthquake engineering, focusing on the causes of earthquakes and the structure of the Earth. Understand the role of tectonic plates, the types of plate boundaries, and the Earth's layering. Test your knowledge on how these elements contribute to seismic activity.

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