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Earthquakes are one of the most devastating natural hazards that cause great loss of ______ and livelihood.
Earthquakes are one of the most devastating natural hazards that cause great loss of ______ and livelihood.
life
Over the past few decades, earthquake engineering has developed as a branch of engineering concerned with the estimation of earthquake consequences and the mitigation of these ______ consequences.
Over the past few decades, earthquake engineering has developed as a branch of engineering concerned with the estimation of earthquake consequences and the mitigation of these ______ consequences.
consequences
The lithosphere is the solid, outer part of the earth, which includes the brittle upper portion of the mantle and the ______, the outermost layers of earth's structure.
The lithosphere is the solid, outer part of the earth, which includes the brittle upper portion of the mantle and the ______, the outermost layers of earth's structure.
crust
Subduction is the sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate of the earth's crust into the mantle beneath another ______.
Subduction is the sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate of the earth's crust into the mantle beneath another ______.
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Seismic quiescence refers to the relative increase in number of earthquakes or energy in any area of a seismic active region within a certain time interval in comparison with long-term observations in the same ______.
Seismic quiescence refers to the relative increase in number of earthquakes or energy in any area of a seismic active region within a certain time interval in comparison with long-term observations in the same ______.
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Faults are fractures or zone of fractures between two blocks of ______.
Faults are fractures or zone of fractures between two blocks of ______.
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Earthquake engineering is a branch of ______ engineering that provides the principles and procedures for the planning, analysis, and design of structures and facilities that are capable of resisting the effects of earthquake.
Earthquake engineering is a branch of ______ engineering that provides the principles and procedures for the planning, analysis, and design of structures and facilities that are capable of resisting the effects of earthquake.
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An earthquake is manifested as ground shaking caused by the sudden release of energy in the Earth’s ______.
An earthquake is manifested as ground shaking caused by the sudden release of energy in the Earth’s ______.
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Earthquakes are now recognized to be the symptoms of active tectonic ______.
Earthquakes are now recognized to be the symptoms of active tectonic ______.
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Plates are large and stable rigid rock slabs with a thickness of about 100 km forming the crust or ______ and part of the upper mantle of the Earth.
Plates are large and stable rigid rock slabs with a thickness of about 100 km forming the crust or ______ and part of the upper mantle of the Earth.
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The mantle is the portion of the Earth’s interior below the crust, extending from a depth of about 30 km to about 2900 km; it consists of dense ______ rocks.
The mantle is the portion of the Earth’s interior below the crust, extending from a depth of about 30 km to about 2900 km; it consists of dense ______ rocks.
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The lithosphere moves differentially on the underlying ______, which is a softer warmer layer around 400 km thick at a depth of about 50 km in the upper mantle.
The lithosphere moves differentially on the underlying ______, which is a softer warmer layer around 400 km thick at a depth of about 50 km in the upper mantle.
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The horizontal movement of the lithosphere is caused by convection currents in the ______; the velocity of the movement is about 1–10 cm/year.
The horizontal movement of the lithosphere is caused by convection currents in the ______; the velocity of the movement is about 1–10 cm/year.
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Earthquake occurrence may be explained by the theory of large‐scale tectonic processes, referred to as ‘______ tectonics’.
Earthquake occurrence may be explained by the theory of large‐scale tectonic processes, referred to as ‘______ tectonics’.
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This energy may originate from different sources, such as dislocations of the crust, volcanic eruptions or even by man‐made explosions or the collapse of ______ cavities, such as mines.
This energy may originate from different sources, such as dislocations of the crust, volcanic eruptions or even by man‐made explosions or the collapse of ______ cavities, such as mines.
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The theory of plate tectonics derives from the theory of continental drift and ______ spreading.
The theory of plate tectonics derives from the theory of continental drift and ______ spreading.
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What is earthquake engineering primarily concerned with?
What is earthquake engineering primarily concerned with?
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What is the lithosphere?
What is the lithosphere?
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What causes the horizontal movement of the lithosphere according to the text?
What causes the horizontal movement of the lithosphere according to the text?
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What are earthquakes defined as?
What are earthquakes defined as?
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What are plates according to the text?
What are plates according to the text?
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What theory does the theory of plate tectonics derive from?
What theory does the theory of plate tectonics derive from?
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What is an earthquake manifested as?
What is an earthquake manifested as?
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What is the asthenosphere according to the text?
What is the asthenosphere according to the text?
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What is the term for the sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate of the earth's crust into the mantle beneath another plate?
What is the term for the sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate of the earth's crust into the mantle beneath another plate?
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What is the term used to describe the relative increase in the number of earthquakes or energy in any area of a seismic active region within a certain time interval in comparison with long-term observations in the same region?
What is the term used to describe the relative increase in the number of earthquakes or energy in any area of a seismic active region within a certain time interval in comparison with long-term observations in the same region?
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What are earthquakes recognized to be the symptoms of?
What are earthquakes recognized to be the symptoms of?
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What theory derives from the theory of continental drift and seafloor spreading?
What theory derives from the theory of continental drift and seafloor spreading?
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What is the solid, outer part of the earth, which includes the brittle upper portion of the mantle and the crust, known as?
What is the solid, outer part of the earth, which includes the brittle upper portion of the mantle and the crust, known as?
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What are fractures or zones of fractures between two blocks of rock referred to as?
What are fractures or zones of fractures between two blocks of rock referred to as?
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Study Notes
Earthquakes and Their Impact
- Earthquakes cause significant loss of life and livelihood, making them one of the most destructive natural hazards.
- The consequences of earthquakes have prompted the development of earthquake engineering, focusing on estimating and mitigating these impacts.
Lithosphere and Subduction
- The lithosphere comprises the solid outer layer of the Earth, including the crust and the upper mantle's brittle upper portion.
- Subduction occurs when one tectonic plate moves sideways and downward into the mantle beneath another plate.
Seismic Quiescence
- Seismic quiescence indicates a relative increase in earthquake activity in a seismic area over a specific time compared to long-term data.
Faults and Earthquake Engineering
- Faults are fractures or zones of fractures between two blocks of rock, pivotal in earthquake mechanics.
- Earthquake engineering is a specialized branch that focuses on designing structures to withstand seismic events effectively.
Mechanism of Earthquakes
- Earthquakes are characterized by ground shaking resulting from the sudden release of energy within the Earth.
- They are manifestations of active tectonic processes and occur due to tectonic plate movements.
Tectonic Plates and Mantle
- Tectonic plates are large, stable slabs of rigid rock, approximately 100 km thick, forming the Earth's crust and part of the upper mantle.
- The mantle extends from about 30 km to 2900 km beneath the crust and consists of dense, semi-solid rocks.
Lithosphere Movement
- The lithosphere moves differentially atop the asthenosphere, a softer layer about 400 km thick in the upper mantle.
- This horizontal movement is driven by convection currents within the mantle, occurring at velocities of 1–10 cm/year.
Tectonic Theory
- The theory of large-scale tectonic processes is known as 'plate tectonics', explaining the movement and interaction of Earth's plates.
- Earthquake energy can arise from crustal dislocations, volcanic activity, man-made explosions, or the collapse of underground cavities.
Theories of Geological Change
- The plate tectonics theory is derived from earlier concepts like the theory of continental drift and seafloor spreading.
Summary of Essential Terms
- Lithosphere: Solid outer part of the Earth, including crust and upper mantle.
- Subduction: Movement of tectonic plates downwards into the mantle.
- Seismic Quiescence: Period of increased seismic activity relative to long-term patterns.
- Faults: Fractures separating two blocks of rock.
- Earthquake: Ground shaking due to energy release within the Earth.
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Description
Test your knowledge of earthquake engineering concepts and characteristics in this quiz. Learn about terms like crust, lithosphere, subduction, faults, seismic activity, and tectonics.
