Introduction to Distributed Systems
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Questions and Answers

What is a key design goal of distributed systems?

  • Achieving resource sharing (correct)
  • Limiting system openness
  • Promoting single-user access
  • Maintaining strict centralized control

    • Which characteristic differentiates a distributed system from a decentralized system?

  • Adding connections between nodes (correct)
  • Presence of a central database
  • Reliance on a single point of failure
  • Number of connected nodes

    • What is one common misconception about distributed systems?

  • They provide transparency in resource access.
  • They can scale without limitations.
  • They are always centralized in nature. (correct)
  • They require high-performance computing resources.

    • How does distribution transparency benefit users of a distributed system?

    <p>It hides complexity from users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a design goal of distributed systems?

    <p>Centralized resource management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario might adding links in a decentralized system classify it as a distributed system?

    <p>Adding a single link between two nodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential issue is often associated with distributed systems?

    <p>Increased latency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of distributed systems allows for a greater number of users to access services without hardware bottlenecks?

    <p>Scalability of resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of resource sharing in distributed systems?

    <p>To allow multiple users to access shared services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of distributed systems deals with application-independent algorithms?

    <p>Coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does distribution transparency aim to achieve in a distributed system?

    <p>Elimination of process separation visibility to users</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which design goal ensures systems operate correctly despite partial failures?

    <p>Dependability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the concept of 'the network is the computer'?

    <p>The resources of a distributed system are collectively utilized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of scalability in distributed systems?

    <p>Integration of new components should not disrupt existing services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does naming play in distributed systems?

    <p>To identify resources across physically distributed locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a primary design goal of distributed systems?

    <p>Performance optimization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Availability' refer to in the context of dependability?

    <p>The readiness for usage of a system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metric is specifically a measure of the average time until a component fails?

    <p>Mean Time To Failure (MTTF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF), Mean Time To Failure (MTTF), and Mean Time To Repair (MTTR)?

    <p>MTBF is the sum of MTTF and MTTR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Maintainability' refer to in the context of dependability objectives?

    <p>The ease of repairing a failed system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following design goals pertains specifically to the probability of catastrophic failures?

    <p>Safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one benefit of exposing distribution in a system?

    <p>It aids in using location-based services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of an open distributed system?

    <p>It consists of components that can be integrated from different sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which design goal relates to interoperability between different systems?

    <p>Openness of distributed systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which question pertains to the policies that govern the implementation of openness?

    <p>What level of consistency is needed for client-cached data?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of distributed systems does policy concerning communication secrecy address?

    <p>Confidentiality of transmitted information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might achieving distribution transparency be considered challenging?

    <p>It requires extensive adjustments for varying bandwidth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key requirement for systems to effectively support portability of applications?

    <p>Well-defined interfaces and interoperability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by distribution transparency in a distributed system?

    <p>The effort to hide the physical distribution of processes and resources across multiple computers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transparency allows an object to be moved during its use without the user's awareness?

    <p>Migration Transparency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge is faced when trying to achieve full distribution transparency?

    <p>It's practically impossible to hide network and node failures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transparency ensures that users do not have to know about multiple copies of an object?

    <p>Replication Transparency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible downside of aiming for full distribution transparency?

    <p>It may lead to increased performance costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is NOT typically hidden by distribution transparency?

    <p>The communication delays experienced by the user.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does concurrency transparency benefit users in a distributed system?

    <p>It allows multiple users to access an object simultaneously without conflicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes failure transparency?

    <p>Concealing the recovery process from the user when an object fails.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transparency type hides differences in how an object is accessed?

    <p>Access Transparency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might exposing distribution be beneficial in a distributed system?

    <p>It can improve user understanding during failures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Distributed Systems

    • Distributed systems consist of multiple computers working together to solve a common problem
    • Distributed systems are complex, and can be viewed from different perspectives such as architecture, process, communication, coordination, and fault tolerance
    • Distributed systems differ from centralized and decentralized systems
    • In a distributed system, processes can communicate with each other, enabling applications to be distributed across multiple computers.
    • In a decentralized system, there's no single point of control. Each node works independently, without a central authority.

    Designing Distributed Systems: Key Goals

    • Resource Sharing: Allows multiple users and applications to access shared resources such as data files, printers, or processing power.
    • Distribution Transparency: Aims to hide the physical distribution of resources and processes, making the system appear as a single, unified entity. Transparency is key for simplified application development.
    • Openness: Allows different systems to communicate and interact seamlessly, fostering interoperability and flexibility.
    • Dependability: Ensures a system's reliability, availability, safety, and maintainability. This means the system should be robust and resist failure.
    • Security: Protects resources and data from unauthorized access, ensuring privacy and integrity.
    • Scalability: Enables a system to handle increasing workloads and demands without sacrificing performance, allowing it to accommodate growth.

    Types of Transparency

    • Access Transparency: Hides differences in data representation and access methods.
    • Location Transparency: Conceals the physical location of resources.
    • Relocation Transparency: Allows resources to be moved without disrupting ongoing operations.
    • Migration Transparency: Similar to Relocation Transparency but for moving resources while they are in use.
    • Replication Transparency: Masks the existence of multiple copies of resources, providing redundancy for fault tolerance.
    • Concurrency Transparency: Enables simultaneous access to shared resources without conflicts.
    • Failure Transparency: Hides failures and ensures graceful recovery.

    Considerations for Transparency

    • Transparency is not always the best goal: Achieving full transparency can limit performance and complicate recovery from failures.
    • Tradeoffs exist: Balancing transparency with performance is crucial.
    • Exposing distributional aspects can be beneficial: Certain applications might benefit from location-based services or understanding the distribution of resources.

    Openness

    • Open Distributed Systems: Offer components that can be easily used or integrated with other systems.
    • Policies vs. Mechanisms: Openness requires defining policies for managing components interactions, such as how data is cached, what permissions downloaded code has, and how security is maintained.

    Dependability

    • Requirements for Dependability:
    • Availability: Ensures the system is readily available for use.
    • Reliability: Guarantees consistent and uninterrupted service delivery.
    • Safety: Minimizes the likelihood of dangerous failures or accidents.
    • Maintainability: Ensures the system is easy to repair and maintain.

    Reliability vs. Availability

    • Reliability: The probability of a component functioning correctly over a specific time period.
    • Metrics for Dependability:
      • Mean Time To Failure (MTTF): Average time until a component fails.
      • Mean Time To Repair (MTTR): Average time needed to repair a component.
      • Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF): MTTF + MTTR

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    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of distributed systems, including their architecture, coordination, and communication. You'll learn how these systems differ from centralized and decentralized systems, and the key goals involved in designing them. Test your understanding of resource sharing and distribution transparency.

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