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Questions and Answers
What is a key design goal of distributed systems?
What is a key design goal of distributed systems?
Which characteristic differentiates a distributed system from a decentralized system?
Which characteristic differentiates a distributed system from a decentralized system?
What is one common misconception about distributed systems?
What is one common misconception about distributed systems?
How does distribution transparency benefit users of a distributed system?
How does distribution transparency benefit users of a distributed system?
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Which of the following is NOT a design goal of distributed systems?
Which of the following is NOT a design goal of distributed systems?
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In what scenario might adding links in a decentralized system classify it as a distributed system?
In what scenario might adding links in a decentralized system classify it as a distributed system?
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What potential issue is often associated with distributed systems?
What potential issue is often associated with distributed systems?
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What aspect of distributed systems allows for a greater number of users to access services without hardware bottlenecks?
What aspect of distributed systems allows for a greater number of users to access services without hardware bottlenecks?
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What is the primary goal of resource sharing in distributed systems?
What is the primary goal of resource sharing in distributed systems?
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Which aspect of distributed systems deals with application-independent algorithms?
Which aspect of distributed systems deals with application-independent algorithms?
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What does distribution transparency aim to achieve in a distributed system?
What does distribution transparency aim to achieve in a distributed system?
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Which design goal ensures systems operate correctly despite partial failures?
Which design goal ensures systems operate correctly despite partial failures?
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Which statement best describes the concept of 'the network is the computer'?
Which statement best describes the concept of 'the network is the computer'?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of scalability in distributed systems?
Which of the following is a characteristic of scalability in distributed systems?
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What role does naming play in distributed systems?
What role does naming play in distributed systems?
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Which is NOT a primary design goal of distributed systems?
Which is NOT a primary design goal of distributed systems?
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What does the term 'Availability' refer to in the context of dependability?
What does the term 'Availability' refer to in the context of dependability?
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Which metric is specifically a measure of the average time until a component fails?
Which metric is specifically a measure of the average time until a component fails?
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What is the relationship between Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF), Mean Time To Failure (MTTF), and Mean Time To Repair (MTTR)?
What is the relationship between Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF), Mean Time To Failure (MTTF), and Mean Time To Repair (MTTR)?
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What does 'Maintainability' refer to in the context of dependability objectives?
What does 'Maintainability' refer to in the context of dependability objectives?
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Which of the following design goals pertains specifically to the probability of catastrophic failures?
Which of the following design goals pertains specifically to the probability of catastrophic failures?
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What is one benefit of exposing distribution in a system?
What is one benefit of exposing distribution in a system?
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What is a characteristic of an open distributed system?
What is a characteristic of an open distributed system?
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Which design goal relates to interoperability between different systems?
Which design goal relates to interoperability between different systems?
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Which question pertains to the policies that govern the implementation of openness?
Which question pertains to the policies that govern the implementation of openness?
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What aspect of distributed systems does policy concerning communication secrecy address?
What aspect of distributed systems does policy concerning communication secrecy address?
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Why might achieving distribution transparency be considered challenging?
Why might achieving distribution transparency be considered challenging?
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What is a key requirement for systems to effectively support portability of applications?
What is a key requirement for systems to effectively support portability of applications?
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What is meant by distribution transparency in a distributed system?
What is meant by distribution transparency in a distributed system?
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Which type of transparency allows an object to be moved during its use without the user's awareness?
Which type of transparency allows an object to be moved during its use without the user's awareness?
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What challenge is faced when trying to achieve full distribution transparency?
What challenge is faced when trying to achieve full distribution transparency?
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Which type of transparency ensures that users do not have to know about multiple copies of an object?
Which type of transparency ensures that users do not have to know about multiple copies of an object?
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What is a possible downside of aiming for full distribution transparency?
What is a possible downside of aiming for full distribution transparency?
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What aspect is NOT typically hidden by distribution transparency?
What aspect is NOT typically hidden by distribution transparency?
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How does concurrency transparency benefit users in a distributed system?
How does concurrency transparency benefit users in a distributed system?
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Which of the following describes failure transparency?
Which of the following describes failure transparency?
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Which transparency type hides differences in how an object is accessed?
Which transparency type hides differences in how an object is accessed?
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Why might exposing distribution be beneficial in a distributed system?
Why might exposing distribution be beneficial in a distributed system?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Distributed Systems
- Distributed systems consist of multiple computers working together to solve a common problem
- Distributed systems are complex, and can be viewed from different perspectives such as architecture, process, communication, coordination, and fault tolerance
- Distributed systems differ from centralized and decentralized systems
- In a distributed system, processes can communicate with each other, enabling applications to be distributed across multiple computers.
- In a decentralized system, there's no single point of control. Each node works independently, without a central authority.
Designing Distributed Systems: Key Goals
- Resource Sharing: Allows multiple users and applications to access shared resources such as data files, printers, or processing power.
- Distribution Transparency: Aims to hide the physical distribution of resources and processes, making the system appear as a single, unified entity. Transparency is key for simplified application development.
- Openness: Allows different systems to communicate and interact seamlessly, fostering interoperability and flexibility.
- Dependability: Ensures a system's reliability, availability, safety, and maintainability. This means the system should be robust and resist failure.
- Security: Protects resources and data from unauthorized access, ensuring privacy and integrity.
- Scalability: Enables a system to handle increasing workloads and demands without sacrificing performance, allowing it to accommodate growth.
Types of Transparency
- Access Transparency: Hides differences in data representation and access methods.
- Location Transparency: Conceals the physical location of resources.
- Relocation Transparency: Allows resources to be moved without disrupting ongoing operations.
- Migration Transparency: Similar to Relocation Transparency but for moving resources while they are in use.
- Replication Transparency: Masks the existence of multiple copies of resources, providing redundancy for fault tolerance.
- Concurrency Transparency: Enables simultaneous access to shared resources without conflicts.
- Failure Transparency: Hides failures and ensures graceful recovery.
Considerations for Transparency
- Transparency is not always the best goal: Achieving full transparency can limit performance and complicate recovery from failures.
- Tradeoffs exist: Balancing transparency with performance is crucial.
- Exposing distributional aspects can be beneficial: Certain applications might benefit from location-based services or understanding the distribution of resources.
Openness
- Open Distributed Systems: Offer components that can be easily used or integrated with other systems.
- Policies vs. Mechanisms: Openness requires defining policies for managing components interactions, such as how data is cached, what permissions downloaded code has, and how security is maintained.
Dependability
- Requirements for Dependability:
- Availability: Ensures the system is readily available for use.
- Reliability: Guarantees consistent and uninterrupted service delivery.
- Safety: Minimizes the likelihood of dangerous failures or accidents.
- Maintainability: Ensures the system is easy to repair and maintain.
Reliability vs. Availability
- Reliability: The probability of a component functioning correctly over a specific time period.
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Metrics for Dependability:
- Mean Time To Failure (MTTF): Average time until a component fails.
- Mean Time To Repair (MTTR): Average time needed to repair a component.
- Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF): MTTF + MTTR
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of distributed systems, including their architecture, coordination, and communication. You'll learn how these systems differ from centralized and decentralized systems, and the key goals involved in designing them. Test your understanding of resource sharing and distribution transparency.
