10 Questions
Which of the following types of angiogram assesses the blood vessels of the brain?
Cerebral angiogram
What is the main purpose of an Electromyography (EMG) test?
To record the changes in electrical potential of muscles
Which of the following tests is used to assess peripheral nerve injury and neuroma disorders?
Electromyography (EMG)
What is the main purpose of a Lumbar Puncture test?
To remove CSF for analysis
Which of the following tests is used to assess the ability of lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Pulmonary function tests (PFT)
What is the main purpose of a Stress Test?
To assess the cardiovascular response during a maximal or submaximal exercise challenge
Which of the following tests is used to assess autoimmune disease and infectious disease?
Lumbar Puncture
What is the main purpose of a Bronchoscopy test?
To visualize the bronchial tree
Which of the following tests is used to assess arteriosclerosis?
Angiogram
What is the main purpose of an Oximetry test?
To measure oxygen saturation
Study Notes
Introduction to Disease
- Pathology is the study of disease
- Clinical pathology is the application of pathology to solve clinical problems
- Pathogenesis is the development of unhealthy conditions or disease
- Etiology is the study of the cause of disease
Key Terms
- Signs are objective evidence of disease observed on physical exam
- Symptoms are indications of disease perceived by the patient
- Homeostasis is a state of balance between opposing pressures operating in and around the cell or tissue
- Steady state is when an equilibrium between cells and environment is achieved and maintained
- Disease is a pathologic condition of the body in response to an alteration in homeostasis
Causes of Disease
- Direct results of trauma, physical agents, poisons
- Indirect results of genetic abnormalities, metabolic disorders, and nutritional disturbances
- May be temporary, permanent, or progressive
Cellular Response to Injury
- Cell injury can be reversible or irreversible
- Causes of cell injury include:
- Hypoxia (reduced oxygen availability)
- Anoxia (complete lack of oxygen)
- Toxic substances
- Microbial pathogens
- Genetic/metabolic disturbances
- Mediators of inflammatory and immune reactions
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)
- ICF is a bio-psycho-social model that integrates abilities and disabilities
- Provides a common language for health professionals for documentation and communication
- Focuses on function (activity) in daily lives rather than disease
ICF Model
- Consists of two parts:
- Functioning and Disability (Body Functions and Structures, Activities, and Participation)
- Contextual Factors (Environmental Factors and Personal Factors)
- Impairment of Body Function: loss or abnormality of psychological, physiologic function of body systems
- Impairment of Body Structure: readily apparent during observation
- Primary and secondary impairments
- Activity Limitations: difficulty executing or inability to perform tasks or actions of daily life
- Participation Restrictions: problems a person experiences in life situations as measured against social standards
Categories of Disease
- Congenital: diseases present at birth (genetic mutation, chromosomal, multifactorial)
- Acquired: infection, injury, degeneration, dietary deficiencies/excesses, idiopathic, iatrogenic
Diagnostic Procedures
- Blood Chemistry:
- Complete Blood Count (CBC)
- Glucose levels
- Arterial Blood Gases (ABG): assess gas exchanges of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs
- Urinalysis: calcium, protein, steroids, drug testing
- Radiology:
- Conventional radiography
- Computerized Tomography (CT scan)
- Bone Scan
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Myelogram
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
- Heart/Electrical:
- Echocardiogram
- Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
- Cardiac catheterization
- Angiogram/arteriogram/arthrogram
- Doppler ultrasonography
- Electroencephalography (EEG)
- Electromyography (EMG)
- Other tests:
- Pulmonary function tests (PFT)
- Stress Tests (Graded Exercise Test)
- Lumbar Puncture
- Bronchoscopy
- Laparoscopy
- Oximetry
Learn about the basics of disease, including pathology, clinical pathology, pathogenesis, etiology, signs, symptoms, and homeostasis. This quiz is perfect for healthcare students and professionals.
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