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Questions and Answers
What is one advantage of digital imaging over analog film images?
What is one advantage of digital imaging over analog film images?
- Greater image storage capacity (correct)
- Longer image processing times
- Higher maintenance costs
- Increased physical space requirements
Which parameter is NOT considered an aspect of image quality in digital imaging?
Which parameter is NOT considered an aspect of image quality in digital imaging?
- Image contrast
- Automatic file saving (correct)
- Line Spread Function (LSF)
- Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)
What type of software programs make it easier for users to operate a computer effectively?
What type of software programs make it easier for users to operate a computer effectively?
- Firmware
- Application programs
- System software (correct)
- Driver software
What does Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE) measure in digital imaging?
What does Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE) measure in digital imaging?
Which of the following is NOT an example of an application program?
Which of the following is NOT an example of an application program?
In the context of digital imaging, what does 'FOV' stand for?
In the context of digital imaging, what does 'FOV' stand for?
What does RAM primarily store?
What does RAM primarily store?
Which type of digital radiography detector directly captures images without the use of cassettes?
Which type of digital radiography detector directly captures images without the use of cassettes?
Which component of the computer allows it to manipulate data and execute software instructions?
Which component of the computer allows it to manipulate data and execute software instructions?
What is an important consideration when manipulating digital images in radiology?
What is an important consideration when manipulating digital images in radiology?
Which of the following is NOT a function of CR cassettes in digital imaging?
Which of the following is NOT a function of CR cassettes in digital imaging?
What is the maximum capacity unit typically used to express RAM?
What is the maximum capacity unit typically used to express RAM?
What technology controls high-voltage x-ray generators in modern medical imaging?
What technology controls high-voltage x-ray generators in modern medical imaging?
Which of the following statements about Read-only Memory (ROM) is accurate?
Which of the following statements about Read-only Memory (ROM) is accurate?
How is CPU performance measured?
How is CPU performance measured?
Which of the following components is responsible for input in a computer system?
Which of the following components is responsible for input in a computer system?
What is the significance of a 16 bit dynamic range in digital mammography?
What is the significance of a 16 bit dynamic range in digital mammography?
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between bits and bytes?
Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between bits and bytes?
How much storage space does a 16 bit image with a resolution of 2000 × 2500 pixels approximately require in megabytes?
How much storage space does a 16 bit image with a resolution of 2000 × 2500 pixels approximately require in megabytes?
What does the term 'stored program' in a computer refer to?
What does the term 'stored program' in a computer refer to?
Which of the following accurately describes the capacity of 1 terabyte (TB)?
Which of the following accurately describes the capacity of 1 terabyte (TB)?
What is the purpose of using the Power of 2 notation in radiologic imaging?
What is the purpose of using the Power of 2 notation in radiologic imaging?
Which of these statements is true about a computer's hardware?
Which of these statements is true about a computer's hardware?
How many bytes are there in 1 megabyte (MB)?
How many bytes are there in 1 megabyte (MB)?
What is the purpose of filtering light before photodetection?
What is the purpose of filtering light before photodetection?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four principal characteristics of any medical image?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four principal characteristics of any medical image?
What happens during the digitization of an analog signal?
What happens during the digitization of an analog signal?
How many gray levels can a typical screen-film image display?
How many gray levels can a typical screen-film image display?
What distinguishes CR imaging from S/F imaging regarding radiation exposure?
What distinguishes CR imaging from S/F imaging regarding radiation exposure?
Which statement is true regarding the image receptor response function?
Which statement is true regarding the image receptor response function?
What is the primary drawback of image noise in CR imaging?
What is the primary drawback of image noise in CR imaging?
Which principle about exposure control is specific to CR imaging?
Which principle about exposure control is specific to CR imaging?
What is a key feature of CR systems compared to S/F systems regarding patient radiation dose?
What is a key feature of CR systems compared to S/F systems regarding patient radiation dose?
What effect does increased kVp and decreased mAs have in CR systems?
What effect does increased kVp and decreased mAs have in CR systems?
Which of the following characterizes the transition from S/F radiography to CR?
Which of the following characterizes the transition from S/F radiography to CR?
What phenomenon is CR technology based on?
What phenomenon is CR technology based on?
How does the CR reader make the latent image visible?
How does the CR reader make the latent image visible?
What aspect of CR allows for wider latitude in radiation exposure?
What aspect of CR allows for wider latitude in radiation exposure?
Which characteristic of CR systems contributes to fewer repeat examinations?
Which characteristic of CR systems contributes to fewer repeat examinations?
What is indicated by the characteristic curve of CR pixel values?
What is indicated by the characteristic curve of CR pixel values?
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Study Notes
Computer Fundamentals
- Stored program concept allows a computer to have instructions and data stored in memory.
- Powered by electrical components, making them electronic.
- Data represented in discrete values defines computers as digital.
The Power of 2 Notation
- Used in radiologic imaging to outline image size, dynamic range, and storage capacity.
- Common digital image sizes:
- MRI and CT resolution: 256×256 (28) to 1024×1024 (210).
- Digital fluoroscopy: 1024×1024 (210).
- Digital radiography: 2048×2048 (211).
- Digital mammography: 4096×4096 (212).
Data Measurement Units
- Bit: A binary digit (0 or 1); 8 bits form a byte.
- Memory conversions:
- 1 byte (B) = 8 bits
- 1 kilobyte (kB) = 1,024 bytes (210)
- 1 megabyte (MB) = 1,048,576 bytes (220)
- 1 gigabyte (GB) = 1,073,741,824 bytes (230)
- 1 terabyte (TB) = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes (240)
Digital Imaging and Storage
- Each pixel in digital x-ray images is represented by bits defining grayscale.
- Example: A digital mammogram has a dynamic range of 16 bits, allowing display of 65,536 shades of gray.
- Radiology department computers typically have storage capacities measured in GB or TB.
Computer Components
- Two principal parts: hardware (physical components) and software (instructions/processes).
- Central Processing Unit (CPU): The core for data manipulation and instruction execution; examples include Intel Core i9 and AMD Ryzen.
- RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary storage for data; critical for efficient processing; measured in MB, GB, or TB.
- ROM (Read-Only Memory): Contains firmware; non-volatile storage that loads initial system instructions.
Medical Imaging Characteristics
- Four key imaging characteristics: spatial resolution, contrast resolution, noise, and artifacts.
- Digital imaging utilizes various metrics to ensure quality: Line Spread Function (LSF), Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE), and image histograms.
Computed Radiography (CR) and Direct Digital Radiography (DR)
- CR uses photostimulable phosphors to capture latent images, which are processed with lasers to produce visible images.
- DR provides immediate image acquisition and typically improved exposure latitude, resulting in reduced patient radiation doses and necessitating fewer repeat exams.
Patient Radiation Dose
- CR allows for lower radiation exposure while maintaining image quality.
- Standard exposure factors for S/F (screen-film) imaging may represent maximum safe levels for CR.
Workload and Efficiency in Imaging
- Transitioning to CR from S/F results in fewer repeat examinations and improved workload efficiency due to continuous operation and enhanced contrast resolution.
Summary of Digital Radiography (DR) Evolution
- DR began in the 1980s and was developed from CR technologies.
- Utilizes X-ray interaction with phosphors to create latent images, visible through digital processing, enabling wide grayscale representation and improved patient safety regarding radiation exposure.
Abbreviations for Reference
- Familiarize with common abbreviations relevant to this field for studies and practical applications.
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