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Questions and Answers
What is NOT a major developmental issue in psychology?
Which theory is associated with the idea of lifelong adaptive processes?
What does 'use it or lose it' imply within lifespan development?
Which theoretical approach traditionally focuses on child development but can apply to all ages?
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How do the learning theories differ in their perspective on development?
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What aspect does the continuity and discontinuity issue in development address?
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What defines the concept of developmental psychology?
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Which of the following pairs are key theorists within psychoanalytic theories?
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Which of the following is a common consequence of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)?
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What is the primary function of the hippocampus in relation to ACEs?
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How does chronic stress from ACEs potentially affect individuals?
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Which part of the brain is associated with emotional neglect and shows volumetric changes due to maltreatment-related PTSD?
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What principle of trauma-informed care focuses on creating a feeling of safety for individuals?
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In what way can resilience influence children who experience ACEs?
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Which consequence is NOT typically associated with ACEs?
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What is the effect of trauma on brain structure as indicated in studies?
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Which type of abuse is NOT considered an Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE)?
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Which of the following health outcomes has been linked to ACEs in adulthood?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Developmental Psychology
- Focuses on human growth and changes across the lifespan
- Includes physical, cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, personality and emotional growth
- Aims of developmental psychology include describing, explaining, predicting, and influencing change
- Influencing change is particularly important to occupational therapists
Major Development Issues
- Nature vs. Nurture: Degree to which development is influenced by genes/biology or experience/environment
- Activity vs. Passivity: Extent to which individuals shape their environments or are shaped by external forces
- Continuity vs. Discontinuity: Whether development is gradual and quantitative or involves qualitative stages and dramatic changes
- Universality vs. Context Specificity: Similarities and differences in development across individuals and cultures
Theoretical Approaches
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Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Approach:
- 7 interconnected layers of environment influencing development
- Traditionally used for child development, but applicable to all ages
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Baltes' Lifespan Developmental Perspective:
- Focuses on constancy and change in biological, cognitive, and psychosocial domains across the lifespan
- Emphasizes potential for growth at all ages
- Maturation is a lifelong adaptive process
- Different systems develop at different rates and may decline or improve over time
- "Use it or lose it" principle
- Contextualism:
- Age-grade normative influences (typical events for an age group)
- History-grade normative influences (events shared by a generation)
- Non-normative influences (unique life experiences)
Life Course Perspective on Occupation
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Occupations Embedded in Communities:
- Communities provide structure and constraints for occupations
- Mutual goals shape and transform occupational choices
- Individuals join and leave communities throughout their lifespan
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Interpersonal Influences on Occupations:
- Interactions with others impact occupational engagement and choices
Trauma and Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
- Trauma affects development and engagement throughout life
- ACEs are potentially traumatic events with negative, lasting effects on health and well-being
- Examples include physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, neglect, substance abuse, divorce, or death of a parent
- Downstream Impact: ACEs can lead to a cascade of negative consequences later in life, impacting physical and mental health
- Brain Development: ACEs alter the structure and function of the brain, potentially causing long-term effects on mental and emotional well-being.
ACEs and Brain Development
- Amygdala: Responsible for fear and stress responses, can be smaller in those who experienced neglect or abuse
- Hippocampus: Involved in memory and emotion, can be smaller in those with PTSD and emotional neglect
- Prefrontal Cortex: Handles planning, complex behavior, and social skills, can be affected by maltreatment-related PTSD
- Cerebellum: Involved in balance and coordination, can be affected by maltreatment-related PTSD
ACEs and Health Outcomes
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Childhood:
- Impaired immune function
- Poorer behavioral and social skills
- Increased risk of chronic medical conditions
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Adulthood:
- Lower levels of parent-child attachment
- Increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and premature mortality
- Altered immune function and brain development
Trauma-Informed Care
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Organizational Approach: Recognizes the widespread impact of trauma and supports recovery by:
- Recognizing and understanding the signs and symptoms of trauma
- Implementing policies and procedures to prevent re-traumatization
- Prioritizing safety, communication, and empowerment
Resilience and ACEs
- Resilience: Can mitigate the impact of ACEs and help individuals cope with adverse experiences
Conclusion
- ACEs have significant and lasting effects on health and well-being but can be mitigated through resilience and interventions like trauma-informed care.
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts in developmental psychology, focusing on human growth and changes throughout the lifespan. It covers major development issues, theoretical approaches, and the influences of nature and nurture. Perfect for students of psychology seeking to deepen their understanding of developmental theories.
