Introduction to Developmental Psychology
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Questions and Answers

According to Goldfarb (1945), what was the mean IQ at age 12 for children placed in foster homes early (before 3 years old) versus late?

95 for early placement, 72 for late placement

What were some of the cognitive disabilities described by Goldfarb (1945) for children who spent 3+ years in an institution?

  • Lower ability to conceptualize (correct)
  • Inability to concentrate (correct)
  • Poorer school achievement (correct)
  • Poorer speech development (correct)

    • True or False: According to Dennis (1973), the greater the age of adoption, the higher the eventual IQ attained.

    False

    According to the English/Romanian Adoption Study, the longer the duration of institutional care, the higher percentage of children had __________ impairment.

    <p>cognitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the mental structures that capture the common properties of behaviors, objects, and experiences according to Piaget?

    <p>Schemes or Schemata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two complementary processes involved in Piaget's concept of adaption?

    <p>Accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Piaget believed that children are passive recipients of knowledge.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Sensorimotor stage, the development of __________ is crucial for understanding object permanence.

    <p>object permanence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the Piagetian stage with its corresponding age range:

    <p>Sensorimotor stage = 0-2 years Preoperational stage = 2-7 years Concrete operations stage = 7-11 years Formal operations stage = 11 years +</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

    <p>Children's construction of knowledge through action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Vygotsky emphasize as the main object of development in children?

    <p>Their culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bandura's Social Learning Theory, most human learning results only from direct experience.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is the ability to attribute mental states like beliefs, intents, and desires to others.

    <p>Theory of mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is prosocial behavior?

    <p>A voluntary behavior intended to benefit another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the theory with its key concept:

    <p>Piaget's theory = Children's construction of knowledge through action Vygotsky's sociocultural theory = Emphasis on sociocultural origins of mental functioning Bandura's Social Learning Theory = Observational or vicarious learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do older children tend to do more compared to younger children?

    <p>Behave more pro-socially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern associated with constant, indiscriminate praise according to the text?

    <p>fragile self-esteem instead of a sense of earned secure self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children typically understand that others have different beliefs and intentions from their own at a very early age.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of motivation focuses on working because one likes it?

    <p>Intrinsic motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget, young children are focused more on _____ and _____ in moral judgment.

    <p>punishment, reward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the stages of moral judgment proposed by Kohlberg with their descriptions:

    <p>Preconventional = Focused on punishment and reward Conventional = Based on broad social systems, fairness, and empathy Post-Conventional = Beyong necessary conforming to laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Carol Dweck, praising qualities of a person encourages a growth mindset.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Chomsky propose as the explanation for language acquisition?

    <p>Language Acquisition Device (LAD) - an inborn capacity for language learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Process praise encourages a 'growth' mindset by emphasizing that effort leads to _______.

    <p>success</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main goals of the Head Start program?

    <p>Improve physical and mental health, enhance cognitive skills, foster social and emotional development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component was NOT part of the Head Start program?

    <p>Job training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Perry Preschool Program resulted in permanent IQ gains.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Abecedarian Project, children from low-income families had exposure to early education for _____ years.

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor emphasized in preschool interventions for deprived children?

    <p>Parental involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget, children are passive in their own mental development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is developmental psychology?

    <p>The discipline that seeks to identify and explain the changes (in behavior) that individuals undergo from the moment of conception until they die.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are areas of change studied by developmental psychologists? Select all that apply.

    <p>Physical growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some questions asked by developmental psychologists according to the text?

    <p>Questions like 'What does the world look like to the newborn?' and 'Why are some people friendly and outgoing whereas others are shy and reserved?'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two primary kinds of developmental research mentioned in the text?

    <p>Basic research (reverse engineering the world as it is now) and Applied research (interventions to make the world better).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some methodological considerations in developmental research design?

    <p>Sampling bias, observer effects, selective attrition, practice effects, validity/reliability of tests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cross-sectional studies provide information about past determinants of age-related changes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Longitudinal studies involve studying the same subjects __________ as they develop.

    <p>at a variety of ages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of longitudinal studies compared to cross-sectional studies?

    <p>Offer extensive information about individual development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe sentences embedded within sentences, as seen in 'The man who likes cats that went to the store yesterday to pick up a new tie to match his shirt is tall'?

    <p>Recursion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Chomsky, why does language require special innate properties?

    <p>To differentiate human language from other primate communication systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language acquisition is a product of the interaction between maturation, environmental factors, and tied to ______________ development.

    <p>cognitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language development is solely determined by domain-specific mechanisms according to the Interactionist/Constructivist perspective.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their respective descriptions:

    <p>Core Knowledge = Shared by infants and animals for number understanding Conceptual Essentialism = Assumption that categories have underlying essences Natural Partitions Hypothesis = Concepts without words for object classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Carey suggest language provides in terms of learning numbers?

    <p>a new conceptual system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do boys tend to receive more of in terms of praise?

    <p>Process praise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study by Beilock, Gunderson, Ramirez & Levin 2010 track in primary school teachers?

    <p>Maths anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the gender difference in anxiety contagion among year 2 students?

    <p>Girls with high maths anxiety teachers had higher maths anxiety and performed worse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, how many years of practice do expert skills typically require?

    <p>10 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: Elite athletes practice more as kids and less later in their careers.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, exceptional students at a school for gifted musicians distributed their playing more evenly across ________.

    <p>instruments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key advice given regarding practice?

    <p>Experiment with a variety of activities before dedicating yourself to one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Topic 1: Introduction to Developmental Psychology Research Methods

    • Developmental psychology is the discipline that seeks to identify and explain the changes in behavior that individuals undergo from conception to death.
    • Areas of change include physical growth, mental or reasoning ability, emotional expression, patterns of social behavior, and personality.
    • Research questions in developmental psychology include:
      • What does the world look like to the newborn?
      • How does perception change with age?
      • Why do many 1-year-olds seem so attached to their mothers and so fearful of strangers?
      • Why are some people friendly and outgoing, while others are shy and reserved?
    • There are two primary kinds of research in developmental psychology:
      • Basic research: Reverse engineering the way the world is now to understand underlying mechanisms.
      • Applied research: Interventions to make the world better.
    • Both kinds of research are necessary and inform each other.

    Topic 2: Developmental Research - Methodological Considerations

    • Research design considerations:
      • Sampling bias: Is the sample representative?
      • Observer effects: Can the researcher's presence affect the results?
      • Selective attrition: Do participants drop out of the study, affecting the results?
      • Practice effects: Do repeated measures influence performance?
    • Validity and reliability of tests:
      • Are the tests used to measure children's behavior valid and reliable?
      • Are the tests modified from adult tests, and if so, are they suitable for children?

    Topic 3: Research Designs

    • Cross-sectional design:
      • Different subjects are studied at different ages.
      • Advantages: Data can be collected over a wide age range in a short time.
      • Disadvantages: No information about past determinants of age-related changes; cohort variation.
    • Longitudinal design:
      • The same subjects are studied at a variety of ages.
      • Advantages: Provides extensive information about individual development.
      • Disadvantages: Time-consuming, costly, and prone to subject loss.
    • Longitudinal-sequential design:
      • Combines cross-sectional and longitudinal designs.
      • Advantages: More efficient than longitudinal design, reveals cultural/historical effects.

    Topic 4: The Importance of the Early Environment

    • Impoverished early environments:
      • Critical times in life: Early experiences have long-term effects.
      • Harlow's monkey experiments: Social isolation affects behavior, and the duration and age of isolation matter.
      • Orphanage studies: Severe social isolation leads to cognitive and social-emotional disabilities.

    Topic 5: Orphanage Studies

    • Goldfarb's study (1945):
      • Compared early placement of children in foster homes from orphanages.
      • Results: Early placement was associated with higher IQ and better cognitive and social-emotional outcomes.
    • Dennis's study (1973):
      • Found that the age of adoption is inversely related to eventual IQ.
    • English-Romanian Adoption Study:
      • Examined recovery in orphans following removal from impoverished circumstances.
      • Results: Catch-up was greatest for those adopted before 6 months, and cognitive impairment was associated with duration of institutional care.
      • Follow-up studies: Cognitive impairment, autism-spectrum disorder, ADHD symptoms, and lower self-reported emotional well-being were found in Romanian adoptees.

    Topic 6: Post-Natal Depression (PND)

    • Estimated to affect 20-40% of mothers.
    • Effects on children:
      • Behavior problems, cognitive delays, and health problems.
      • Disturbed early interactions.
      • Increased cortisol levels, a stress hormone predictive of anxiety disorders.### Preschool Interventions
    • At 21, individuals are more reactive to stressful situations, with a greater risk of anxiety and depression.
    • Socioeconomic status (SES) affects every area of development, including cognitive, social, and emotional development.
    • Lower SES children are behind their peers when entering school, and this gap does not improve over time.
    • Preschool interventions are a cost-effective way to improve child outcomes, making citizens more productive and improving long-term outcomes.

    Head Start Program

    • Introduced in 1964, the program provides special early education programs to disadvantaged children.
    • Goals include improving physical and mental health, enhancing cognitive skills, and fostering social and emotional development.
    • Components include early childhood education, health screening, nutrition education, and social services.
    • Results show immediate cognitive gains, but these are not sustained over time. However, non-cognitive gains, such as improved social competence, persist.

    Perry Preschool Program

    • The program focuses on preschool education and home visits to teach parents.
    • Results show no permanent IQ gains, but better social competence.

    Early Head Start

    • Introduced in 1995, the program serves low-income pregnant women and families with infants and toddlers up to 3 years old.
    • Outcome at 3 years: children show better cognitive and language skills, and parents are more emotionally supportive.

    Abecedarian Project

    • The program began in early infancy, with a random assignment of infants to intervention or control conditions.
    • Results show benefits in language, social interactions, and IQ at 4 years, and these benefits persist into adulthood.
    • Emphasis on language learning supports cognitive development.

    Conclusions from Preschool Interventions

    • Early intervention is effective in improving a wide range of skills and competences in deprived children.
    • The intervention must begin early, preferably before 3 years of age.
    • Parental involvement is required for success.
    • An emphasis on language shows greater results.
    • The intervention should be of sufficient quality.

    The Importance of the Early Environment

    • The early environment has a substantial influence on child development.
    • Deprivation can cause deficits in cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development.
    • The impact of deprivation depends on the time spent in this situation.
    • The effects of deprivation can be overcome, and preschool interventions can help make up for SES deficits.

    Constructivist Theories of Cognitive Development

    • Piaget's theory is a form of interactionism called constructivism, which argues that children construct their own mental life.
    • Children are born with no knowledge, but through their perception of the world and their actions, they construct their own knowledge.

    Piaget's Stage Theory of Development

    • Development involves changing underlying structures.
    • The sequence of stage progression is invariant.
    • Stages are universal, and both nature and nurture contribute to development.
    • Children's thought is qualitatively different from adults.

    Cognitive Development

    • Piaget's theory: children's thought is qualitatively different from adults.
    • Children are active constructors of knowledge, not passive recipients.
    • Schemes/Schemata: mental structures that capture the common properties of behaviors, objects, and experiences.
    • Knowledge, thoughts, and ideas develop through adaptation, which involves assimilation and accommodation.

    Piaget's Stages

    • Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years): understanding the world through hands-on, direct experience.
    • Preoperational stage (2-7 years): development of symbolic thought, but thinking is unsystematic, inconsistent, and illogical.
    • Concrete operations stage (7-11 years): child has mastered mental operations, such as decentring and reversible thinking.
    • Formal operations stage (11+ years): ability to perform logical operations on abstract entities.

    Criticisms of Piaget's Theory

    • Underestimation of young children's abilities and overestimation of adults.
    • Developmental sequences may not be universal.
    • Children are constructivist, building understanding through exploration.
    • Later work recognized adult limitations.

    Developmental Psychology: Areas of Change

    • From dependence to independence, or external regulation to self-regulation.
    • The big general trajectory of developmental change, but why does this take so long?
    • What are the mechanisms at play?### Cognitive Development
    • Contemporary constructivist approaches to cognitive development:
      • Children are active and sophisticated in their thinking, even with limited self-regulatory abilities
      • Development is influenced by the flexibility of the human species, which is due to our prolonged "helplessness"
      • Self-regulation and independence require prioritizing goals, which guide self-regulation and have a plan to enact
      • Executive function, including self-regulation ability, working memory, inhibitory control, and mental flexibility, develops over time

    A:B::C:D Analogies

    • Piaget and Inhelder (1964): Preoperational children couldn't solve A:B::C:D analogies, which require mental operational thinking
    • Goswami and Brown (1990): 3-year-olds can solve A:B::C:D analogies with relations they know, which is connected to working memory capacity

    Contemporary Cognitive Theories

    • Emphasize continuous development and the co-development of knowledge and executive function to support goal-directed behavior
    • Development is influenced by the interaction of innate knowledge and experience

    Social Development

    Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

    • Sociocultural theory of cognitive development:
      • Children develop in a cultural context, which influences their mental life
      • The object of development is the child's culture
      • The mental life of a child is co-developed with the people around them
    • "Child-in-activity-in-context" approach: look at the child's behavior in the context in which it occurs
    • "Zone of proximal development" approach: consider the child's potential development level, which is influenced by guidance from more capable peers or adults

    Bandura's Social Learning Theory

    • Social learning theory:
      • Based on S-R theory, but considers social and cognitive variables
      • Learning results from experience and observation of consequences for others
      • Model of Reciprocal Determinism: behavior, environmental factors, and cognitive variables interact
    • Influence of models: learned aggression, observational learning, and moral standards

    The Development of "Theory of Mind"

    • Theory of Mind (ToM): the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others
    • Mike Tomasello: infants track other behaviors and intentions, and help based on perceived intentions and goals
    • Positive benefits: prosocial behavior, such as sharing and helping others

    Piaget and Kohlberg on Moral Judgment

    • Piaget's Account:
      • Moral dilemmas: older children take intentions into account, while younger children focus on the number of broken cups
      • Two types of moral judgment: externally regulated (from 5 years old) and self-regulated (emerging from 8 years old)
    • Kohlberg (1987):
      • Continued Piaget's stage approach to moral development
      • Life-span theory of moral development, with 6 stages
      • Based on research interview method involving moral dilemmas, such as the Heinz dilemma

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basics of developmental psychology, a discipline that explores the changes individuals undergo from conception to death. It deals with areas of change, including physical growth, mental or reasoning abilities, and social-emotional development.

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