Introduction to CSS

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the primary role of CSS in web development?

  • Describing the presentation and visual formatting of a webpage. (correct)
  • Handling server-side logic and database interactions.
  • Managing client-side scripting and user interactions.
  • Defining the structure and content of a webpage.

In CSS syntax, what is the purpose of a 'selector'?

  • To define the specific style attributes, like color or font size.
  • To group multiple style declarations into a single block.
  • To target the HTML element(s) that the style will be applied to. (correct)
  • To specify the value assigned to a particular style attribute.

What is the main advantage of using CSS to separate content from style in web development?

  • It enables better search engine optimization (SEO) by making content more accessible.
  • It improves website loading speed by reducing file sizes.
  • It simplifies website development and maintenance by keeping structure and presentation separate. (correct)
  • It enhances website security by preventing cross-site scripting attacks.

Which of the following correctly describes a 'declaration' in CSS?

<p>A property-value pair that defines a style, separated by a colon and ending with a semicolon. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of inline CSS?

<p>It is applied directly to individual HTML elements using the <code>style</code> attribute. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major disadvantage of using inline CSS?

<p>It leads to code duplication and maintainability issues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is internal CSS defined within an HTML document?

<p>By embedding CSS rules inside a <code>&lt;style&gt;</code> tag within the <code>&lt;head&gt;</code> section. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of using internal CSS over inline CSS?

<p>It centralizes styles within the document, improving maintainability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is best for applying CSS styles across multiple pages of a large website?

<p>External CSS (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of using external CSS?

<p>It facilitates better organization and reusability of styles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In CSS, what does the universal selector (*) target?

<p>All HTML elements on a web page. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a type selector target in CSS?

<p>All elements of a specific HTML tag. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a class selector target elements in CSS?

<p>By using a dot (.) followed by the class name. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an ID selector in CSS?

<p>To target a single, unique element on a page. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a grouping selector allow you to do in CSS?

<p>Apply the same styles to multiple elements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a descendant selector in CSS?

<p>Targets elements nested inside another element. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In CSS, what does a child selector target?

<p>Only the direct children of a specified element. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an adjacent sibling selector in CSS?

<p>To target the immediate sibling following a specified element. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a general sibling selector differ from an adjacent sibling selector in CSS?

<p>A general sibling selector targets all following siblings, while an adjacent sibling selector targets only the immediately following sibling. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an attribute selector in CSS?

<p>To style elements based on the values of their attributes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines which CSS rule is applied when multiple rules target the same element?

<p>The specificity of the CSS selectors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of CSS specificity, which of the following selectors has the highest precedence?

<p>ID selectors (e.g., <code>#idname</code>) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following has the highest priority in CSS precedence?

<p>Inline styles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CSS property defines the background color of an element?

<p>background-color (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CSS property controls how a background image repeats?

<p>background-repeat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CSS property determines whether the background scrolls with the page or remains fixed?

<p>background-attachment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CSS property sets the position of the background image within an element?

<p>background-position (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CSS property controls the horizontal alignment of text inside an element?

<p>text-align (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CSS property is used to control the space between characters in the text?

<p>letter-spacing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is CSS?

A stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of a document written in HTML, defining how elements are displayed.

Why use CSS?

Separates structure (HTML) from presentation, enabling reusability, improved design, and responsiveness.

What is a CSS selector?

Targets the HTML element(s) to style, like h1, .className, or #idName.

What is a CSS property?

The attribute you want to modify, such as color, font-size, or margin.

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What is a CSS declaration?

A property-value pair separated by a colon (:) and ending with a semicolon (;).

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What is inline CSS?

Applied directly to the HTML element using the style attribute.

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What is internal CSS?

Defined inside the <style> tag within the section of the HTML document, applying styles to the entire document.

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What is external CSS?

Defined in a separate .css file and linked to the HTML document using the tag, best for large projects.

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What is a CSS universal selector?

Targets all elements on a page.

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What is a CSS type selector?

Targets all elements of a specific type (HTML tag).

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What is a CSS class selector?

Targets elements with a specific class attribute. Use a dot (.) before the class name.

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What is a CSS ID selector?

Targets a single element with a specific ID attribute. Use a hash (#) before the ID name.

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What is a CSS grouping selector?

Targets multiple elements by separating them with a comma.

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What is a CSS descendant selector?

Targets elements nested inside another element.

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What is a CSS child selector?

Targets direct children of an element.

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What is a CSS adjacent sibling selector?

Targets the immediate sibling.

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What is a CSS general sibling selector?

Targets all siblings after the selected element.

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What is a CSS attribute selector?

Targets elements based on attributes and attribute values.

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What has the highest CSS specificity?

Inline Styles.

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What is the CSS background-color property?

Defines the background color of an element.

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What is the CSS background-image property?

Sets an image as the background.

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What is the CSS background-repeat property?

Controls if/how the background image repeats.

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What is the CSS background-position property?

Sets the position of the background image.

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What is the CSS background-size property?

Specifies the size of the background image.

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What is the CSS text-align property?

Controls the horizontal alignment of text inside an element.

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What is the CSS line-height property?

Controls vertical spacing between lines of text.

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What does the CSS font-family property control?

Controls the typeface.

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How does CSS font-size work?

Controls text size.

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What is the 'content' in the CSS box model?

The innermost area where text, images, or other content is displayed.

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What is 'padding' in the CSS Box Model?

The space between the content and the border.

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Study Notes

  • CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a stylesheet language that describes the presentation of HTML documents.
  • It dictates how HTML elements are displayed on various media, such as screens, paper, etc.
  • CSS is key for creating visually appealing and responsive web pages.

Why Use CSS?

  • CSS separates structure (HTML) from presentation, simplifying development and maintenance.
  • CSS can be written once and applied to multiple pages, resulting in code reuse.
  • CSS improves web page design by customizing colors, fonts, layouts, and animations.
  • CSS also improves web design through responsiveness which makes layouts adjust to different screen sizes.

Basic Syntax and Structure of CSS

  • CSS rules consist of selectors and declarations.
  • The selector targets the HTML element(s) to style (e.g., h1, .className, #idName).
  • Declaration is a property-value pair, separated by a colon (:) and ending with a semicolon (;).
  • The property is the attribute you want to modify (e.g., color, font-size, margin).
  • Value is assigned to the property (e.g., red, 16px, auto).
  • Example: h1 { color: blue; font-size: 24px; text-align: center; } styles all <h1> elements with blue, 24px font size, and center-aligned text.

Types of CSS

  • There are three main types of CSS based on how they are applied: inline, internal, and external.

Inline CSS

  • Inline CSS is applied directly to HTML elements using the style attribute.
  • It is useful for quick, single-element styling.
  • Example: <h1 style="color: red; text-align: center;">Welcome to CSS</h1>
  • Pros: easy to apply and does not require external files.
  • Cons:hard to maintain and violates the separation of content/presentation principle for larger projects.

Internal CSS

  • Internal CSS is defined inside the <style> tag within the <head> section of an HTML document.
  • It styles the entire document.
  • Pros: appropriate for small projects or single pages and styles are centralized within the document.
  • Cons: cannot be reused across multiple pages and increases the size of the HTML file.

External CSS

  • External CSS is defined in a separate .css file and linked to the HTML document using the <link> tag.
  • It is best for large projects and ensures reusability.
  • Pros: highly reusable across multiple pages and keeps HTML and CSS separate.
  • Cons: requires an additional file and an HTTP request to load, and is considered slightly more complex for beginners.

CSS Demonstration

  • Example HTML file showing all 3 CSS types
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<!-- External CSS -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
<style>
/* Internal CSS */
body {
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
background-color: #f0f0f0;
margin: 0;
padding: 20px;
}
h1 {
color: navy;
text-align: center;
}
p {
font-size: 16px;
line-height: 1.6;
}
</style>
<title>CSS Types Demonstration</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>CSS Demonstration</h1>
<!-- Inline CSS -->
<p style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">
This paragraph is styled using inline CSS.
</p>
<p>This paragraph is styled using internal CSS.</p>
</body>
</html>

Comparison Table of CSS Types

  • Type | Scope | Reusability | Maintenance | File Size
  • Inline CSS | Specific elements | Low | Difficult | Small
  • Internal CSS | Entire document | Medium | Moderate | Medium
  • External CSS | Multiple pages | High | Easy | Small

Targeting Elements Using CSS

  • Targeting elements in CSS involves selecting specific HTML elements to apply styles.
  • Selectors allow targeting based on name, class, ID, attributes, states, and relationships.

Universal Selector

  • Targets all elements on a page via the syntax: *
  • Example:
  • { margin: 0; padding: 0; box-sizing: border-box; }

Type Selector

  • Targets all elements of a specific type (HTML tag).
  • Syntax: tagname
  • Example: 
    p {
  font-size: 16px;
  line-height: 1.5;
}

Class Selector

  • Targets elements with a specific class attribute using a dot (.) before the class name.
  • Syntax: .classname
  • Example: 
    .highlight {
  background-color: yellow;
  font-weight: bold;
}

ID Selector

  • Targets a single element with a specific ID attribute using a hash (#) before the ID name.
  • Syntax: #idname
  • Example: 
    #main-title {
  color: red;
  font-size: 24px;
}

Grouping Selector

  • Targets multiple elements by separating them with a comma.
  • Syntax: selector1, selector2
  • Example: 
      h1, h2, p {
    font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
  }

Descendant Selector

  • Targets elements nested inside another element.
  • Syntax: ancestor descendant
  • Example: 
     div p {
   color: green;
 }

     <div>
   <p>This paragraph will be green.</p>
 </div>

Child Selector

  • Targets direct children of an element.
  • Syntax: parent > child
  • Example: 
      ul > li {
    font-size: 18px;
  }

      <ul>
    <li>Item 1</li>
    <li>Item 2</li>
  </ul>

Sibling Selectors

  • Adjacent Sibling (+): targets the immediate sibling. 
      h1 + p {
    color: purple;
  }
  • General Sibling (~): targets all siblings after the selected element. 
     h1 ~ p {
   font-style: italic;
 }

Attribute Selector

  • Targets elements based on attributes and attribute values.

  • Syntax

    • [attribute] selects elements with a specific attribute.
    • [attribute=value] selects elements with a specific attribute value.
    • [attribute^=value] selects elements that starts with a specified value.
    • [attribute$=value] selects elements that ends with a specified value.
    • [attribute*=value] selects elements that contains the value.

  • Example

    input[type="text"] {
  border: 1px solid black;
}

Priority in CSS Selectors (CSS Specificity)

  • Specificity determines which CSS rule takes precedence when multiple rules target the same element.
  • Higher specificity rules are applied; if specificity is the same, the rule declared later in the CSS file or inline takes precedence.

Specificity Calculation

  • Specificity is calculated based on the "weight" of selectors, is represented as a 4-part value: (A, B, C, D).
  • Inline styles (style="...") = 1000 points
  • IDs (#id) = 100 points
  • Classes, attributes, and pseudo-classes (.class, [attr=value], :hover) = 10 points
  • Type selectors (h1, p, div) and pseudo-elements (::before, ::after) = 1 point

Order of Precedence

  1. Inline styles (highest priority).
  2. IDs.
  3. Classes, attributes, and pseudo-classes.
  4. Type selectors and pseudo-elements.
  5. Universal selector (*) and inherited styles (lowest priority).

Background Properties in CSS

  • CSS background properties style the background of an element by setting colors, images, and positions.

List of Background Properties

  • background-color: Defines the background color of an element

  • background-image: Sets an image as the background

  • background-repeat: Controls if/how the background image repeats.

  • Values

    • repeat repeats both horizontally and vertically
    • repeat-x repeats horizontally only
    • repeat-y repeats vertically only
    • no-repeat does not repeat

  • background-position: Sets the position of the background image. Values can be keywords (top, right, center, etc.) or coordinates (50px 50px, 10% 20%).

  • background-size: Specifies the size of the background image.

  • Values

    • auto shows the original size
    • cover scales to cover the entire area
    • contain scales to fit within the area without cropping
    • custom size e.g. 100px 50px or 50% 50%

  • background-attachment: Determines whether the background scrolls with the page or remains fixed.

  • Values

    • scroll scrolls with the element
    • fixed stays in place while scrolling
    • local scrolls with the element's content.

  • background-clip: Specifies the area to which the background is clipped.

  • Values

    • border-box includes the border
    • padding-box is inside the padding box
    • content-box is inside the content box

  • background-origin: Defines the positioning area for the background image.

  • Values

    • border-box
    • padding-box
    • content-box

  • background-blend-mode: Specifies how the background image blends with the background color or other images. Values include: normal, multiply, screen, overlay, etc.

  • background (Shorthand Property): Combines multiple background properties into one declaration

CSS Text Properties

  • CSS offers several text properties to control text appearance including alignment, spacing, decoration, and transformation.

  • text-align (Aligning Text): Controls the horizontal alignment of text inside an element.

  • text-decoration (Underlines, Strikethroughs, etc.): Specifies underlines, overlines, or strikethroughs.

  • text-transform (Changing Case): Controls uppercase, lowercase, or capitalizing text.

  • letter-spacing (Space Between Letters): Controls the gap between characters in the text.

  • word-spacing (Space Between Words): Controls spacing between words.

  • line-height (Adjusting Line Spacing): Controls vertical spacing between lines of text.

  • direction (Text Direction): Sets left-to-right or right-to-left text flow.

  • white-space (Handling Spaces & Line Breaks): Controls how whitespace (spaces & line breaks) is handled.

  • text-indent (Indenting the First Line): Controls how much space the first line of a paragraph is indented.

CSS Font Properties

  • Font properties in CSS control the style, weight, size, family, and other text aspects.

  • font-family defines the typeface, and using fallback fonts is best if the preferred font isn't available.

  • It is best to use fallback fonts.

  • font-size controls the text size.

    • Fixed sizes (px) are not scalable.
    • Relative units (em, rem, %) are recommended for responsive design.

  • font-weight controls thickness. Many fonts support weights from 100–900.

  • font-style makes text italic or oblique.

    • italic uses the italic version of font
    • oblique a slanted effect

  • font-variant controls special text styles, like displaying lowercase letters as small uppercase.

  • font (Shorthand Property): use font shorthand instead of writing multiple font properties

Shorthand Order

  1. font-style
  2. font-variant
  3. font-weight
  4. font-size/line-height
  5. font-family

The CSS Box Model

  • The CSS Box Model describes how every HTML element is represented as a rectangular box in web design.
  • Box model consists of four key areas: content, padding, border, and margin.
    • Content is where text, images, and content are displayed. Controlled by properties like width and height.
    • Padding: Spacing between content and the border.
    • Border: The edge surrounding the padding.
    • Margin: Outermost space between the element's border and adjacent elements which controls the external spacing.

Content Box vs Border Box

  • Content Box

  • Width and height apply only to content area

  • Padding, border, and margin are added to calculate the total size.

  • Total width = content width + padding + border + margin

  • Border Box

  • Width and height include content, padding and border

  • Margin is still added seperately

Styling Lists in HTML with CSS

  • CSS styles HTML lists to enhance their appearance.
    • Unordered List (<ul>): Items are marked with bullets.
    • Ordered List (<ol>): Items are marked with numbers or letters.
    • Definition List (<dl>): Items have a term (<dt>) and a description (<dd>).
  • CSS is used to style images and lists to look professional and well-structured.

Styling Images in CSS

  • An img can be set with the width, maintain the aspect ratio by setting height to auto, can have rounded corners using the border-radius property, and have a border

  • The max-width property prevents the image from overlowing in a responsive design. Can also center the images with margin

  • Adding Shadows & Hover Effects can be done with box-shadow and transition, including zooming effect with transform: scale()

  • Can set image as a container background, using background-image and background-size

Styling Lists in CSS

  • Changing Bullet Style (Unordered List) can be customized using list-style-type; the options are "square", "circle", "none".

  • Numbering Style (Ordered List) can be customized via list-style-type; the options are "upper-roman", "decimal", "lower-alpha".

Custom List Icon can be set with list-style-image property, that replaces the bullets with an image

  • Removing Default List Style can be done with list-style: none;

  • Custom List Design can be used to create new bullets, icons with "background: url('checkmark.png')"

CSS Positioning

  • It determines how an element is placed relative to its normal position, its parent element, or the viewport.

Positioning Values in CSS

  • The is five main positioning values: static, relative, absolute, fixed, and sticky.

Static Positioning

  • The elements are positioned based on the normal flow, having the properties top, right, bottom, and left having no effect

Relative Positioning

  • The elements are positioned relative to its normal position, remaining in the document flow while adjusting the position with properties top, right, bottom, and left. This property leaves the original space so the layout remains as if original.

Absolute Positioning

  • The element is positioned relative to the nearest positioned ancestor, having the element not taking up space in the layout.

Fixed Positioning

  • The element is positioned relative to the viewport, staying fixed regardless. The element doesn't affect other elements

Sticky Positioning

  • The element behavior toggles between relative and fixed, depending on the scroll position.

Understanding transition, transform, and box-shadow in CSS

  • These properties work together to create smooth visual effects
  • A transition can change the property values smoothly over a specified duration
  • Syntax: transition: property duration timing-function delay;
  • The property is the CSS property to apply the transition to (such as width, opacity, background-color).
  • The duration is how long the transition occurs
  • The timing function defines the speed curve (ease, linear, ease-in-out)
  • The delay delays the the transition before starting
  • The transform property allows transformations from rotating, scaling, and translating
  • These properties can be used by rotating, scaling, translating, and skewing
  • The box-shadow creates a shadow effect around the elements frame
  • Syntax: box-shadow: h-offset v-offset blur spread color;
  • h-offset: sets the horizontal shadow, positive is right and negative is left.
  • v-offset: sets the vertical shadow, positive is down and negative is up.
  • blur: refers to the blur effect.
  • spread: controls the shadows size
  • color: sets the color of the shadow.

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