Introduction to CSS Basics

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Questions and Answers

What should be avoided when eliminating the margin for an element?

Using the em unit (correct)

Using the auto value

Using the percentage unit

Using the px unit (correct)

What is the valid value for the text-align property?

vertical

equal

center (correct)

inline

How is the space in the left margin of an element configured?

Using a string value

Using a color value only

Using a boolean value

Using a numeric value or 0 (correct)

What is one of the main advantages of using Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)?

Allows for greater typography and page layout control Signup and view all the answers

Which value for text-decoration will ensure a hyperlink is not underlined?

none Signup and view all the answers

Which type of CSS will apply styles only to a specific HTML element?

Inline Styles Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of using external style sheets over inline styles?

They can be reused across multiple web pages Signup and view all the answers

What values can the text-indent property accept?

numeric value or percentage Signup and view all the answers

Which property is used to configure the display of whitespace in an element?

white-space Signup and view all the answers

What component of a CSS rule defines which HTML elements the styles will apply to?

Selector Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of values for red, green, and blue in RGB color representation?

0 to 255 Signup and view all the answers

What do imported styles in CSS require to function properly?

A .css file referenced in the head section Signup and view all the answers

How are hexadecimal numbers used in web design?

To represent color values Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes embedded styles in CSS?

They are defined using the HTML style element in the head section Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of separating style from structure in web development?

Improves site maintenance and design consistency Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the usage of colors in web pages with CSS?

Colors can be easily configured for various elements using CSS rules Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'font-weight' property control in CSS?

The boldness of the font Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a valid value for the 'font-size' property?

large Signup and view all the answers

What is typically used to set the 'line-height' value in CSS?

Numeric percentage Signup and view all the answers

Which property would you use to change the background color of an element?

background-color Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'text-align' property affect in a CSS styled element?

The position of text relative to the element Signup and view all the answers

In what units can the 'font-size' property be specified?

px, em, or pt Signup and view all the answers

Which property allows you to control the space between characters in CSS?

letter-spacing Signup and view all the answers

What does the value 'normal' represent when used with the 'font-style' property?

Regular, non-italic font style Signup and view all the answers

What does the '#' symbol indicate in hexadecimal color values?

The start of a color value Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of values for each hex color pair?

00 to FF Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a monochromatic color scheme?

Using variations of a single color Signup and view all the answers

When choosing text and background colors, why is sufficient contrast important?

It improves readability Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the style attribute in inline CSS?

To configure styles for specific HTML elements Signup and view all the answers

Where are CSS embedded styles typically located in an HTML document?

In the head section Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of declaring a body selector in CSS?

To set global style rules for the entire page Signup and view all the answers

Which tool can be used to verify sufficient contrast between text and background?

Online Contrast Checker Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of an id selector in CSS?

To apply a CSS rule to one specific element Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of using contextual (descendant) selectors in CSS?

They reduce the number of classes and ids needed in HTML Signup and view all the answers

What data type is used for the file extension of external style sheets?

.css Signup and view all the answers

In what section of an HTML document should the link element for an external CSS file be placed?

Head section Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the span element in HTML?

To display content without additional space above or below Signup and view all the answers

When associating a CSS file named color.css, which tag should be used in the HTML?

What type of CSS selector would apply to all p tags within an element that has the id 'content'?

Descendant selector Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for CSS external style sheets?

They must contain HTML tags Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of using embedded styles over inline styles?

It can be reused across multiple pages or elements. Signup and view all the answers

Which CSS property controls the boldness of text?

font-weight Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a category of font family?

script Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended unit type for font sizes to improve accessibility?

em Signup and view all the answers

The property that modifies the appearance of text with an underline, overline, or line-through is known as?

text-decoration Signup and view all the answers

Which CSS property would you use to configure the space between individual text characters?

letter-spacing Signup and view all the answers

Which selector is utilized to apply styles to a specific class of elements?

class selector Signup and view all the answers

If you want to control the indentation of the first line of text, which property would you use?

text-indent Signup and view all the answers

What does the property 'font-family' allow you to configure?

The typeface of the text Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'text-align' property configure?

The alignment of text within a block Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lecture Overview

Lecture number: 4
Topic: Web Programming
Instructor: Dr. Mohamed Taha
Institution: Benha University

Textbook Information

Textbook title: Web Development & Design Foundations with HTML5
Edition: Ninth
Author: Terry Felke-Morris
Publisher: Pearson

Learning Objectives (Part 1)

Describe the evolution of style sheets from print media to the web.
List advantages of using Cascading Style Sheets (CSS).
Use color on web pages.
Create style sheets that configure common color and text properties.
Apply inline styles.

Learning Objectives (Part 2)

Use embedded style sheets.
Use external style sheets.
Configure element, class, id, and contextual selectors.
Utilize the "cascade" in CSS.
Validate CSS.

Overview of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

Possible with CSS: Visit http://www.csszengarden.com/
Style Sheets: Used in desktop publishing for years, applying typographical styles and spacing to printed media.
CSS: Provides functionality of style sheets for web developers; a flexible, cross-platform, standards-based language developed by the W3C.

CSS Advantages

Greater typography and page layout control.
Style is separate from structure.
Styles can be stored in a separate document and associated with web pages.
Potentially smaller documents.
Easier site maintenance.

Types of Cascading Style Sheets

Inline Styles
Embedded Styles
External Styles
Imported Styles

Cascading Style Sheets (Details 1 of 2)

Inline Styles: Applied directly within the HTML element using the style attribute. Affects only that specific element in the body section.
Embedded Styles: Placed within the head section of the HTML document using the <style> tag; applies to the whole document.

Cascading Style Sheets (Details 2 of 2)

External Styles: Created in separate .css files and linked to the HTML document using the <link> tag in the head section. Affects all pages linked to it.
Imported Styles: Similar to External Styles; focus on the three other types.

CSS Syntax

Style sheets are composed of "Rules."
Each rule contains a Selector and a Declaration (property and value).
- Example: body {color: blue;}

CSS Syntax Sample

Configure a webpage to display blue text with a yellow background; use hexadecimal color values.

Common Formatting CSS Properties

See Table 3.1 (slides 13-16) for a list of common CSS properties.

Table 3.1 CSS Properties (Details 1 of 4)

Properties cover various aspects like background, foreground, font characteristics, spacing, and alignment, and more.
- Covers various properties: background-color, color, font-family, font-size, font-style, etc.

Table 3.1 CSS Properties (Details 2 of 4)

Properties for text formatting: font-weight, letter-spacing, line-height, margin etc.

Table 3.1 CSS Properties (Details 3 of 4)

Properties for alignment and indentation: margin-left, margin-right, text-align, text-decoration, text-indent etc.

Table 3.1 CSS Properties (Details 4 of 4)

Various properties related to text and element display (text-shadow, text-transform, white-space, width, word-spacing).

Using Color on Web Pages

Computer monitors use red, green, and blue light intensities to display colors.
RGB Color: Red, green, and blue values range from 0 to 255.
Hexadecimal Numbers (base 16): Used to represent these color values.

Hexadecimal Color Values

# indicates hexadecimal value
Hex values range from 00 to FF
Three hex value pairs describe an RGB color.

Web Color Palette

Collection of 216 colors.
Most similar on Mac and PC platforms
Hex values (00, 33, 66, 99, CC, FF)
Color chart: http://webdevfoundations.net/color

Making Color Choices

Monochromatic: http://meyerweb.com/eric/tools/color-blend
Choose image/photo
Start with a favorite color.
Websites for other choices: http://colorsontheweb.com/colorwizard.asp, https://color.adobe.com/create/color-wheel, http://paletton.com

Support Web Accessibility Verify Sufficient Contrast

Choose colors for text and background with sufficient contrast for readability.
Online tools for verifying contrast: http://webaim.org/resources/contrastchecker, http://snook.ca/technical/colour contrast/colour.html, http://juicystudio.com/services/luminositycontrastratio.php

Configuring Color with Inline CSS (1 of 2)

Inline CSS: Configured in the body of the web page, within the style attribute of HTML tags. Affects only targeted elements.
The Style Attribute: Value is one or more property-value pairs (example: color:#ff0000).

Configuring Color with Inline CSS (2 of 2)

Example: Display a red heading with a gray background.
- Separate style rule declarations with a semicolon (;).

CSS Embedded (Internal) Styles

Configured in the head section of a web page.
Use the <style> HTML element.
Applies to the entire web page document.
Style declarations are between opening and closing <style> tags.

CSS Embedded Styles (Example)

Body selector sets global style rules; overridden for headings (h1, h2).

Checkpoint 3.1 Questions

List three reasons to use CSS on a webpage.
Designing with non-default colors warrants styling for both text and background.
Advantage of using embedded styles instead of inline styles.

Configuring Text with CSS

CSS properties for text configuration: font-weight, font-style, font-size, font-family.

The Font-Size Property

Accessibility recommendation: use em or percentage for font sizes (easy to enlarge in browsers).
Units: em, px, pt.

The Font-Family Property

Not all fonts are installed on every computer; provide alternative fonts, including generic names.
Use a generic font-family value like sans-serif for fallback.

Embedded Styles Example

Example code demonstrating embedded styles, including <style> tag usage and application to body, headings (h1 and h2), paragraphs (p), and unordered lists (ul).

More CSS Text Properties (1 of 2)

line-height: Controls line height.
text-align: Sets text alignment.
text-indent: Sets first-line indentation.
text-decoration: Controls underline, overline, and line-through styles.

More CSS Text Properties (2 of 2)

text-transform: Capitalization control.
letter-spacing: Space between characters.
word-spacing: Space between words.
text-shadow: Creates a drop shadow for text.

CSS Selectors

CSS style rules can be configured for HTML elements, classes, IDs, and descendants.

Using CSS with "HTML element selector"

Example: Styling an <h1> element with red text, using the style attribute within the element.

Using CSS with "Class"

Apply a CSS rule to elements with a specified class using a . (dot) before the class name.
The class rule does not apply to a particular HTML element but to elements that contain the class.

Using CSS with "Id"

Apply a CSS rule to a specific element with a unique id using a # (hash) before the id.
Configure a rule for the id with specified properties for appearance.

CSS Descendant Selector

Selects elements based on their parentage (ancestor-descendant relationship).
Example for targeting paragraph () elements inside an element with id="content".

Span Element

Purpose: Formatting a specific area within a line; inline display.

Span Element Example

Embedded CSS using .companyname class for specific formatting.
HTML Example of a  element used with a custom class for styling.

External Style Sheets (1 of 2)

Style rules are in separate .css files linked and separated from HTML files.
The .css file contains only styling rules, no HTML tags.

External Style Sheets (2 of 2)

Multiple web pages can use the same external style sheet.

Link Element

<link> tag in the head section of your HTML to link an external style sheet (.css file) to the page.

Using an External Style Sheet

Example external color.css file with rules to apply background color (and color).

Checkpoint 3.2 Questions

Describe reasons for using embedded styles.
Discuss reasons for external styling, where they are placed, and how to signal their use.
Write code to associate a webpage with an external style sheet.

Centering Page Content with CSS

#container style to center page content using margin:auto and specific width.

The "Cascade"

Hierarchy of style application: Browser defaults, external, embedded, and inline styles.

W3C CSS Validation

Validate CSS using http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/

Summary

This chapter introduced Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) for color and text styling.
Inline, embedded, and external styles were configured.
Application of CSS rules to HTML elements, classes, and IDs.
Webpage submission for W3C CSS validation.

Questions

(See presentation)

Thank You

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Description

Test your knowledge on basic CSS principles and properties. This quiz covers essential topics such as margin adjustments, text alignment, and the benefits of CSS compared to inline styles. Perfect for beginners looking to strengthen their understanding of web design.