Introduction to Criminology

Crim 1 - Introduction to Criminology

• Accidental Criminals commit crimes due to conducive situations rather than inherent nature
• Acquisitive Crime involves offenders acquiring something as a result of their criminal act
• Active-Aggressive Criminals commit crimes impulsively, often due to aggressive behavior, seen in crimes of passion, revenge, and resentment
• Acute Criminals violate criminal law impulsively or in a fit of passion, also known as passionate crimes
• Atavism Theory views criminals as throwbacks to an earlier, more primitive stage of evolution
• Attempted Crime occurs when the offender begins the felony but doesn't complete all execution acts due to external causes, not their own choice
• Blue Collar Crimes are committed by ordinary professional criminals to maintain their livelihood
• Born Criminal or Atavist refers to the belief that criminal behavior is inherited
• Chronic Criminals commit crime with deliberate thinking, planning and executing in a calculated manner
• Classical Theory posits that people are rational beings with free will; crime is a choice, and punishment should fit the crime according to Beccaria
• Complex Crime exists when a single act constitutes multiple felonies or is a necessary means for another offense
• Conflict View of Crime suggests criminal behavior is defined by those in power to protect their interests; the law serves the ruling class to control the underclass
• Consensus View of Crime is the belief that the majority agrees on what behaviors should be criminal; the law reflects this agreement and applies equally to all
• Consummated Crime exists when all elements are present for its execution and accomplishment
• Continuing Crimes can be committed in several places
• Crime refers to an act or omission violating criminal law or an anti-social act that is injurious, detrimental, or unacceptable
• Crimes by Imitation are duplication of actions done by others, with revenge as the motive
• Crimes by Passion are committed due to intense, uncontrollable emotions
• Crimes of the Underworld are committed by members of the low privilege class
• Crimes of the Upper World are committed by individuals belonging to the upper class
• Criminal Anthropology studies the organic and psychic constitution of criminals, viewing them as degenerates with arrested development
• Criminal Demography studies the correlation between criminality and population
• Criminal Ecology studies criminality in relation to spatial distribution in the community
• Criminal Epidemiology studies the relationship between environment and community, focusing on health and illness factors
• Criminal Etiology attempts scientific analysis of the causes of crime
• Criminal Politics uses principles to fight criminality, based on criminal law, criminality, penalties, and social defense measures
• Criminal Psychiatry studies the human mind in relation to criminality
• Criminal Psychology studies human behavior in relation to criminality
• Criminal Psychology includes the study of psychological traits of the criminal, or his basic psychological characteristics, that is, his moral insensibility and improvidence
• Criminal Sociology embraces all branches of criminal science including criminal law and transforms the science of crimes and penalty into one of positive observation
• Criminal Statistics studies the relation of causality between certain personal conditions, physical and social phenomena and criminality, its increase or decrease and forms of its appearance
• Criminal is someone convicted by final judgment in a court of law
• Criminaloid denotes those with a born criminal type whose unlawful acts stem from an organic pathological process
• Criminology studies crime as a social phenomenon, including law-making, law-breaking, and reactions to it, aiming to develop verified principles regarding law, crime, and treatment
• Dynamic criminology changes with societal conditions, adapting crime detection methods to scientific advancements
• Episodic Crimes, often serial crimes, are committed in a series over a long time
• Extinctive Crime results in destructive outcomes from a criminal act
• Forensic Chemistry applies chemical principles to solve problems related to the administration of justice
• Forensic Medicine uses medical knowledge for the administration of justice in civil and criminal cases
• Frustrated Crime occurs when the offender completes all execution acts, but the felony doesn't occur due to external causes
• Habitual Criminals are those who continue to commit crime because of deficiency of intelligence and lack of self-control. Examples are those insane, imbecile who are having deficiency of intelligence and Kleptomania who have lack of self-control because of their uncontrollable desire to certain things
• Habitual Delinquent has been found guilty for the third time or oftener within 10 years, for crimes of serious or less serious physical injuries, robbery, theft, estafa (swindling) or falsification
• Instant Crimes are committed in the shortest possible time, also known as Simple Crimes
• Instrumentality is the means or instrument used in the commission of the crime
• Interactionist View of Crime is the belief that those with social power are able to impose their values on society as a whole, and these values then define criminal behavior
• Irrational Crimes are committed by persons who do not know the nature and quality of their acts or having disease of the mind
• Motive is the reason why a person commits a crime, examples include; dispute, economic gain, jealousy, revenge, insanity, thrill, intoxication, drug addiction etc
• Nationalistic criminology should align with the criminal law of a specific country
• Neo-Classical Theory modifies classical criminology, exempting children and lunatics from punishments due to their inability to calculate pleasure and pain, also introduces mitigating circumstances
• Neurotic Criminals are insane and whose actions arise from intra-psychic conflict between the social and anti-social components or mind illness
• Normal Criminal is a person whom psychic organization; resemble that of normal individuals except that he identified himself with criminal proto-type
• Opportunity consists of the acts of omission and or commission by a person or the victim, which enable another person or group of persons or the criminal/s to perpetrate the crime.
• Ordinary Criminal is the lowest form of criminals in a criminal career. He doesn't commit crime as a profession but rather being pushed to commit crime due to the great open of opportunity
• Organized Criminal associates with other criminals to establish a high degree of organized crime with completeness and to enable them to commit crimes easily without being detected by authorities or law enforcers
• Passive-Inadequate Criminals commits crimes because they are being pushed of a reward or promise made by other persons without considering its consequence
• Penology studies punishment and treatment of criminals, focusing on correctional institutions, agencies, and offender rehabilitation
• Positivist Theory, based on determinism, views criminals as sick people needing treatment, not punishment, citing factors beyond their control like poverty, and advocating punishment fitting the criminal
• Professional Criminal is highly skilled and experienced, maintaining a living through crime
• Psychiatric Criminology studies crime through forensic psychiatry, examining motives and drives that rely on the individual
• Psychological Criminology studies the behavior and mental processes of the criminal, how it is acquired, evoked, maintained and modified
• Quasi-Recidivist commits another crime after conviction but before or during serving the sentence for a previous crime under the Revised Penal Code or special law
• Rational Crimes are committed intentionally by offenders in sound mind
• Recidivist is someone previously convicted by final judgment of another crime
• Registered Criminologist holds a valid certificate and ID as issued by the Board and Commission, as per R.A. 11131
• Seasonal Crimes can only occur during certain times of the year
• Service Crimes involve providing a service to fulfill another's desire
• Simple Crime involves a single act constituting only one offense
• Situational Crimes can only happen when conditions are conducive
• Situational Criminals engage in illegal activities like robberies, larcenies, and embezzlement, which are intermixed with legitimate economic activities
• Social Science Criminology is a social science, since crime is a social phenomenon, so understanding society is key to understanding crime
• Socialized Delinquent Criminals are normal in behavior but defective in socialization, lacking communication/relationship with the community, including educated members who turn criminal due to circumstances
• Sociological Criminology studies crime focusing on groups and society, examining the relationship between demographic and group variables
• Sociology of Law studies law and its applications, scientifically analyzing conditions where penal laws develop as formal social control
• Static Crimes occur only in one location
• Victim is someone who suffers harm individually or collectively due to natural or man-made disasters or violations of criminal laws
• Victimology studies the victim's part or contribution in the crime
• White Collar Crimes are committed by upper-class individuals during their occupations

Crim 2 - Theories of Crime Causation

• Age-Graded Theory suggests that crime is related to an individual's age
• Attachment Theory predicts that individuals abandoned early, with multiple placements, early parental absence, and childhood trauma are more problematic
• Classical Theory is based on the idea that humans are rational and behavior can be controlled by human will
• Cognitive Development Theories argue offenders haven't developed moral judgment beyond the pre-conventional level
• Control-Balance Theory suggests both too much and too little control can be dangerous; the control ratio (control one is subject to vs. control one exerts) predicts deviance
• Culture Conflict Theory sees crime rooted in clashes between socialized groups on what is acceptable behavior
• Deterrence Theory states that crime can be controlled by punishments with certainty, severity, and celerity
• Differential Association Theory suggests crime is learned through communication with others who communicate criminal values
• Ectomorphs (thin, fragile) are introverted and restrained
• Ego's aim is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain
• Endomorphs (fat, soft) tend to be sociable and relaxed
• Forensic psychology applies psychology to legal questions and issues
• Frustration-Aggression Theory sees frustration as a natural cause of crime, which can be an adaptation to reduce stress
• General Strain Theory suggests that law-breaking or crime as a coping mechanism to deal with negative emotions from social relations
• Hedonism posits that pleasure and pain are major determinants of choice
• Id, the fundamental aspect of personality, operates on the pleasure principle, and holds the motivation for crime
• Labeling theory suggests society's reaction to the criminal is significant in the process of becoming a criminal
• Latent Trait Theory claims people do not change; instead, criminal opportunities change, and maturity brings fewer opportunities
• Mesomorphs (muscular, hard) tend to be aggressive and adventurous
• Neoclassical Theory suggests that freewill can be limited by pathology, incompetence, and mental disorder
• Phrenology involves reading bumps on a person's head to determine their character and predict criminality
• Physiognomy evaluates personality through outward appearance, especially facial characteristics
• Positivism (determinism) asserts that behaviors are determined by factors beyond individual control
• Psychoanalytic Theory emphasizes personality and sees deviant behavior as resulting from dysfunctional personalities
• Psychopath is a personality disorder characterized by antisocial behavior and lack of empathy
• Psychopathology refers to psychological disorders that cause distress
• Psychosis is a mental illness with a lack of contact with reality
• Rationality refers to humans having free will, and actions are the result of choice
• Routine Activities Theory finds that for crime to be committed, three elements must be present: an available target, a motivated offender, and a lack of guardians
• Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder with distortions of reality, withdrawal, and disorganization of perception, thoughts, and emotion
• Situational Choice Theory focuses on choice-structuring properties, suggesting situational strategies to prevent crime
• Social Bond Theory argues through successful socialization, a bond forms between individuals and the social group, and when the bond is weakened or broken, deviance and crime may result
• Social control theory focuses on the strength of the bond people share with individuals and institutions around them
• Social Disorganization Theory focuses on the immediate social environment, like the family, peer group, and school, and seeks to explain community differences in crime rates
• Social learning theory focuses on role of communication and socialization; criminal behavior is a product of the social environment
• Social Process/Social Development Theories suggests that the Crime is the end product of various social processes, and interaction between and among different social institutions, groups, and individuals
• Social Structure Theories suggest that crime is the result of an individual's location within the structure of society
• Somatotyping theory associates body physique to behavior and criminality; Asthenic=Lean, Athletic=strong, Pyknic=rounded
• Somatotyping is a theory which associates body physique to behavior and criminality
• Subcultural Theory emphasizes the contribution made by variously socialized cultural groups to the phenomenon of crime
• Subculture is collection of values and preferences communicated to participants through a process of socialization.
• Superego is the moral guide to right and wrong and guides the ego to select strategies that are socially and ethically acceptable
• Trait Theory explores all personality and character traits

CLJ 1 - Introduction to Philippine Criminal Justice System

• Accused is someone formally charged but not yet tried.
• Adjudication refers to the power of courts/agencies to decide cases.
• Administration of Justice means determining facts based on evidence and applying the law, involving fact ascertainment and legal application.
• Amicable Settlement is an agreement reached via mediation and conciliation.
• Arbitration Award is a decision reached by the lupon chairperson or pangkat with prior agreement in writing by the parties’ dispute.
• Arbitration refers to a process where a third party is chosen by parties to hear and decide a dispute.
• Arraignment is the first step where the defendant hears the charges and enters a plea, where judge formally states charges, addresses bail, and informs about rights.
• Arrest is taking someone into custody to answer for a crime, based on a valid warrant except in cases allowing warrantless arrest.
• Bail is security for release, furnished by the person or bondsman, for court appearance to be given in the form of corporate surety, property bonds, cash deposit or recognizance.
• Beyond a Reasonable Doubt is the burden of proof the prosecution must meet, convincing the jury of the defendant's guilt for each element of the crime to obtain a conviction.
• Case Law is made by justices in appellate court decisions, especially the Supreme Court.
• Civil Law regulates relationships of assistance, authority, and obedience within families and between members of society for private interest protection.
• Common Law (lex non-scripta) is law established by particular cases vs. law using statutes, also known as principles, practices, usages and rules of action elsewhere
• Community Pillar helps offenders reintegrate as law-abiding citizens.
• Conciliation is a process when the Pangkat assists parties to reach a settlement by consensus.
• Correction Pillar incarcerates and rehabilitates convicts for reintegration.
• Courts Pillar conducts arraignment and trial, issues warrants, acquits the innocent, and adjudicates penalties.
• Crime Prevention eliminates or reduces desire/opportunity to commit crime.
• Criminal investigation is fact-finding by law enforcement officers to determine if they should file a complaint for preliminary investigation.
• Criminal justice studies the nature of crime, formal processes, and social agencies for crime control.
• Criminal Justice System is the sequential stages offenders pass through, from initial contact to final disposition, involving agencies enforcing the law, defined as the machinery for crime prevention and control
• Criminal Law defines crimes, their nature, and punishment.
• Defense against Insanity claims the defendant isn't responsible due to mental incapacitation.
• Defense against Instigation claims a public officer induced the crime, absolving the defendant if they wouldn't have committed it otherwise.
• Defense of Alibi claims the defendant was elsewhere when the crime occurred.
• Defense of Consent is common in rape cases and claims the victim consented.
• Defense of Duress claims the act was due to threats, not intent, requiring real, imminent fear for one's life or limb, not speculation.
• Defense of Violations of the Provisions of the Bill of Rights is invoked the State of its agents violated the right of the defendant in obtaining evidence to prove the latter's guilt, with evidence inadmissible in a criminal proceeding.
• Due Process of Law refers to procedures followed by law enforcement and courts to ensure protection of an individual's rights as assigned by the Constitution.
• Entrapment refers to police methods to catch a violator in the act.
• Habeas Corpus is a judicial process for releasing someone illegally deprived of liberty or restoring custody.
• Hearing is a legal proceeding (not trial) before a judge or body aiming to resolve a dispute.
• Inquest is an informal investigation by a prosecutor in cases of warrantless arrests.
• Instigation occurs when the police induced the commissioning of crime the person induced is not criminally liable but police officer who induced the latter may be held criminally, civilly and administratively liable
• Interrogation is police questioning of a suspect, who isn't obligated to answer. Silence can't be used against them, and questioning must stop if a lawyer is requested.
• Jails are BJMP-controlled, except Provincial Jails.
• John Doe warrant is for someone with an unknown name, usually void but valid with sufficient identifying description.
• Judgment states the accused's guilt or innocence, with penalty and liability.
• Jurisdiction is the power to try and decide a cause; receiving evidence and applying the law.
• Jurisdiction over the Person is acquired upon his arrest or upon his voluntary appearance or submission to the court.
• Jurisdiction over the Subject Matter is the power to hear and determine cases of general class to which the proceeding in question belong
• Justice is the social norm that provides guidance for the people in their dealings with one another; as a standard against which actions are evaluated; and as a prescription for requirement that people act justly
• Katarungang Barangay (KP) is a system of justice administered at the barangay level for the purpose of amicable settling disputes through mediation, conciliation or arbitration
• Law Enforcement Pillar occupies the frontline of the CJS because it is regarded as initiator of the system. Police and other law enforcement agencies are the first contact of the law violator in the CJS process
• Lock-up Jails are security facility, common to police stations, used for temporary confinement of an individual held for investigation
• Lupong Tagapamayapa (Lupon) is a body organized in every barangay composed of Punong Barangay as the chairperson and not less than ten (10) and more than twenty
• Mediation is a process wherein the Lupon chairperson assists the disputing parties to reach a settlement
• Natural Right Theory states that justice can be summarized by this rule, to render to each his right or due
• Ordinary Jails are commonly used to detain a convicted criminal offender to serve sentence less than three years
• Pangkat Tagapagkasundo (Pangkat) is a conciliation panel constituted from the Lupon membership for every dispute brought before the Lupon
• Plea is first pleading by a criminal defendant
• Positive Law Theory states that no justice exists apart from what law creates or mandates.
• Preliminary Investigation is an inquiry or proceeding to determine whether there is sufficient ground to engender a well-founded belief that a crime has been committed
• Prisons are managed and controlled by the Bureau of Corrections, and sentences more than three years imprisonment are confined in prisons
• Probable cause with respect to arrest, is such fact and circumstances which would lead a reasonably discreet and prudent man to believe that an offense has been committed by the person sought to be arrested
• Procedural justice is whatever mechanisms or processes are used applying the law and making decisions in specific cases
• Prosecution pillar takes care of evaluating evidences and formally charges the suspects before the court
• Public prosecutor represents the State or the People of the Philippines in a criminal prosecution
• Repudiation is an act of rejecting the validity or refusing to accept the terms and conditions
• Search Warrant is an order in writing issued in the name of the People of the Philippines
• Social Good Theory explained that justice is more than what one finds in positive law
• Statutory Law (lex scripta) is composed of laws which are produced by the country's legislation
• Substantive Justice is how best to allocate, distribute, and protect the substantive values of society
• Territorial Jurisdiction means that a “criminal action should be filed in the place where the crime was committed
• Testimony is the evidence given by a witness under oath
• Venue is the site or location where the case is to be tried on the merits
• Witness is one who personally sees or perceives a thing
• Workhouses, Jail Farms, or Camp is a facility that houses minimum custody offenders
• Writ is a judicial order directing a person to do something.

Forensic 1 – Forensic Photography

• Aberration is the inability of a lens to produce a true image.
• Achromatic Lens are corrected for chromatic aberration.
• Anastigmatic or Anagmatism Lens are corrected for astigmatism as well as the other lens defects.
• Apochromatic or Achromatic Lens are corrected for chromatic aberration.
• Artificial light refers to man-made sources of light used or utilized for indoor photography.
• ASA (American Standards Association) determined numerical ratings for film speed.
• Aspherical Lens are corrected for spherical aberration.
• Astigmatism is the inability of the lens to focus in both horizontal and vertical plane at the same time
• Backlighting occurs when light is coming from behind the subject towards the camera.
• Bright Light is a lighting condition wherein objects in open space cast a deep on uniform shadow.
• Chromatic Aberration is an inability of the lens to focus all colors in the same plane.
• Chromatic Difference of Magnification is the inability of the lens to produce image sizes of object with different color
• Close-up View/ Range are photographs normally taken approximately five feet or less from the subject matter
• Coma (lateral aberration) is concerned with rays entering the lens obliquely.
• Curvature of Field is the image formed by lens comes to a sharper focus on a curved surface than on a flat surface.
• Depth of Field is the distance between the nearest and the farthest object in apparent sharp focus when the lens is focused at a given point.
• Depth of Focus is the maximum permissible distance within which the film may be placed without exceeding the circle of confusion in order to produce the image sharp
• Development is the process by which an invisible latent image in an emulsion is made visible
• Diffraction is the bending of light when it hits a sharp edge of an opaque object.
• DIN (Deutsch Industries Norm) is a numerical rating used to describe the emulsion speed of light
• Distortion occurs when outer parts of the image produced by the lens will be magnified either less or more than the outer image
• Dull Light is a lighting condition wherein the objects in open space cast no shadow.
• Emulsion is a thin layer of gelatin containing a suspension of light sensitive silver salts.
• Fixation makes the developed image permanent when it is followed by a through washing.
• Focal Length is the distance measured from the center of the lens to the film plane when the lens is set or focused in infinity position.
• Forensic Photography deals with the study of notion of photography, its application to law enforcement work and the preparation of photographs for court presentation
• General View or Long-Range refers to the overall scene are fundamentally taken to portray the areas as if a person viewing the scene is seeing it from the standing position.
• Hazy Light is a lighting condition wherein the objects in open space cast a transparent shadow.
• Infrared Photography is the taking of photographs with radiations between 700-1000 nanometers of the electromagnetic spectrum
• Lens Aperture is an opening (diaphragm) in a light-blocking plate that allows light to strike the film or image sensor
• Lens is a glass, plastic, or crystal optical element molded into curved shape that can bend and focus rays of light
• Long-Focus Lens has a focal length that is much greater than the diagonal of the film or image format with which it is used
• Macro Lens is designed to render a subject with 1:1 or higher magnification for very close focusing distances.
• Medium View or Mid-Range are photographs taken in a manner which portrays the scene from approximately ten to twenty feet of distances from the subject matter.
• Microphotography is the taking of a photograph of an object in a much reduced size or tine images of large objects
• Mug-Shot is the process of taking photographs of the suspect/s in full length, half-body, right and left side views, and two quarter views
• Negative Lens (Concave Lens) is characterized by the fact that is thinner in the middle than the edge and forms a virtual image on the same side of the lens
• Opaque Objects are so greatly diffuse the light that recognizing the object on the other side is very difficult if not impossible.
• Overlapping Method is photographic method of taking a series of photographs in a circular or clockwise direction, overlapping each other slightly to show the entire crime scene.
• Photography is the art of process of producing images of objects by action of light on sensitized surface with the aid of an image-forming device known as Camera, and the chemical process involved therein
• Photomacrography or Macrophotography is the taking of photograph with a short focus lens
• Photomicrography is the taking of photograph through a microscope
• Positive Lens (Convex Lens) is characterized by the fact that it is thicker in the middle than the edge, and forms a real image on the opposite side of the lens
• Progressive Method is a photographic method of taking crime scene photographs starting from a fixed point
• Rapid-Rectilinear Lens are corrected for distortion.
• Reflection is the deflection or bouncing back of light when it hits a surface: Regular reflection (happens when light hits a flat smooth and shiny surface) or Irregular or diffused reflection (occurs when light hits a rough or uneven but glossy object).
• Refraction is the bending of light when passing from one medium to another.
• Relative Aperture. The speed or light gathering power of the lens equal to the ratio of the focal length to the diameter of its lens pupil or the relative brightness of the image produced by the lens as compared with the brightness of the subject.
• Shift Lens is also sometime called a perspective control lens
• Shutter is device used to control the amount of time during which light is allowed to enter the camera and register on the film or image sensor
• Spherical Aberration is a lens defect wherein the photographic rays passing through the edges refract more sharply than those passing through the central part of the lens.
• Standard/Normal Lens has a focal length that is roughly equivalent to the diagonal of the light-sensitive