Introduction to Contemporary Theories of Discrimination

<p>It ignores the evolving nature of law enforcement and criminal strategies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Historical and sociological contexts can influence the misuse of race as a proxy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can lead to correlations that reinforce stereotypes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women were charged higher insurance premiums due to their life expectancy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>60% of those arrested are Black, despite representing 13% of the population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perceived race can influence victim resistance and affect the profitability of robbery. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Widespread discrimination in the job market. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>City of Los Angeles v. Manhart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Income and wealth can influence the probabilities of victim resistance and offender violence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decisions may rely on correlations that are influenced by past discrimination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can influence the likelihood of victim resistance during robberies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Black individuals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discrimination is wrong when it expresses a demeaning message about someone's worth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may be non-intentional yet still convey a demeaning message. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The case of Fesel v. Masonic Home of Delaware. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The moral worth attributed to the discriminatee. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It makes stereotypes self-sustaining. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for certain exceptions based on occupational qualifications. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The drivers' reluctance to pick up all young men. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prevents bias regardless of statistical evidence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can sometimes provide justification for initially discriminatory actions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Making decisions based on aggregate group characteristics rather than individual merit. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prohibits race-based challenges to jurors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower income may increase the likelihood of being perceived as criminal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can lead to longer sentences for minority groups based on perceived threats. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discriminatory beliefs can lead to actions that reinforce those beliefs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It incentivizes negative behavior rather than preventing it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for effective legal strategies against discrimination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When customer preferences reflect an unwillingness to engage with certain groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to a reinforcing cycle of negative expectations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enforcement could be too difficult or costly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They must align with the belief that it is wrong. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Choice-sensitive and choice-insensitive. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some forms of discrimination are illegal regardless of the individual characteristics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All forms of discrimination inherently have consequences on individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Certain actions, like slavery, are inherently wrong regardless of societal beliefs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Utilitarianism can assert that some discrimination is acceptable for societal benefits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may reinforce existing prejudices and stereotypes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Legal frameworks often fail to address morally objectionable discrimination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anticipated discrimination can lead individuals to act in ways that confirm stereotypes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using group averages to make decisions about individuals, potentially leading to harmful stereotypes.

A prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, perpetuating stereotypes.

Using race as a proxy to predict behavior, often with negative consequences and perpetuating inequality.

Landmark U.S. Supreme Court case prohibiting the use of race as a factor in jury selection.

Rules against using race as a shortcut for predicting individual behavior, regardless of whether race is related to outcome.

A law enforcement strategy that may negatively impact a group of people based on perceived group characteristics.

Critique of racial profiling as a law enforcement strategy, emphasizing its detrimental consequences.

Using income as a way to estimate other characteristics, such as a willingness to resist discrimination

Action or practice based on prejudice, treating a person or group differently from others.

Policies that favor individuals from certain racial groups to address past or present discrimination.

The meaning conveyed by discriminatory actions, impacting those discriminated against.

A message denying the target's equal moral worth, potentially stigmatizing or degrading.

Legitimate reason to discriminate based on characteristics like sex, religion, or national origin in certain jobs.

U.S. law prohibiting employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin.

A case where a retirement home used customer preferences as a BFOQ for not hiring male nurses.

Potential positive outcomes despite initial unfairness, for instance, a victim leaving a discriminatory country.

A hypothetical example showing how leaving a discriminatory country could lead to a better outcome for the applicant.

Discrimination carried out knowingly and purposefully.

A moral issue where the right answer doesn't depend on individual preferences or beliefs. It's inherently wrong, regardless of popular opinion.

A moral issue where the right answer depends on the preferences of a community. What's right can change depending on what people want.

It's not based on individual actions or choices but on inherent qualities, leading to unfair treatment. It's a choice-insensitive issue.

The argument that discrimination is wrong if based on immutable or uncontrollable traits like race or gender.

It doesn't explain why discrimination against mutable traits (like age) or controllable traits (like religion) is wrong.

The argument that discrimination is always wrong because it negatively impacts individuals.

It doesn't explain why discrimination itself is inherently wrong, only the negative outcomes.

Even if statistically accurate, using race as a proxy can perpetuate harmful societal patterns, raising ethical concerns.

The idea that racial profiling, despite being potentially discriminatory, can be justified if it is seen as statistically efficient in predicting criminal behavior.

Even if a decision-maker finds using statistical discrimination efficient, it can have negative consequences for society as a whole. These consequences can include distrust, reduced public health, and reinforcement of stereotypes.

While race as a proxy for specific characteristics can have statistical relevance, it can also be misused. The history of racism creates a concern that race may be overused, leading to further discrimination.

The practice of racial profiling is often concealed and illegal, making its true extent difficult to measure. This concealment, considered 'officious,' exacerbates its negative effects.

Law enforcement institutions aren't static; they adapt to strategies of criminals, potentially evolving their profiling practices. This means any initial profile may change over time.

A correlation between two factors doesn't necessarily mean one caused the other. There might be other underlying factors at play.

Using group averages (like life expectancy by sex) to set insurance premiums, potentially disadvantaging groups.

There's a correlation between race and crime rates, but it's not a simple cause-and-effect relationship.

Discrimination can create a cycle where limited opportunities lead to higher chances of resorting to illegal activities for income.

Perceived race of the offender can influence victim resistance, impacting the profitability of robbery.

Stereotypes linking race to violence can lead to assumptions about victim resistance and impact robbery dynamics.

Robbery involves a dynamic interplay between offender actions and victim responses, influenced by factors like perceived race and wealth.

Income can be used as a proxy for estimating other characteristics, like the likelihood of victim resistance in robbery.

When stereotypes about race and crime lead to actions that reinforce those stereotypes, creating a vicious cycle.

Statistical discrimination is embedded within a complex social context, where historical and ongoing injustices play a significant role.