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Questions and Answers

What is a primary characteristic of secondary memory?

  • It is volatile and loses data when power is off.
  • It has faster access times than primary memory.
  • Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off. (correct)
  • It is used for temporary data storage.

    • Which type of RAM does not require frequent refreshing of its data?

  • Static RAM (SRAM) (correct)
  • Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
  • Flash RAM
  • Read-Only Memory (ROM)

    • What is the main reason why SRAM is more expensive than DRAM?

  • The manufacturing process of SRAM is more complex. (correct)
  • SRAM uses fewer transistors for storage.
  • DRAM uses advanced technology for faster access.
  • SRAM does not lose data when power is off.

    • Which of the following is true about RAM?

    <p>RAM data is lost when the power is turned off. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is associated with Dynamic RAM (DRAM)?

    <p>Must be refreshed to maintain data integrity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common application of Static RAM (SRAM)?

    <p>Cache memory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect distinguishes DRAM from SRAM?

    <p>DRAM is slower than SRAM. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the characteristics of RAM is false?

    <p>Access time in RAM depends on the memory location. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of a computer?

    <p>Taking raw data as input (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic makes computers capable of performing tasks faster than humans?

    <p>High speed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ensures the accuracy of a computer's calculations?

    <p>100% error-free execution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of a computer allows it to work continuously without loss of performance?

    <p>Diligence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes how a computer processes data?

    <p>By interpreting data and converting it into useful information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does a computer's storage capability exceed that of humans?

    <p>It can store large amounts of diverse data types. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one outcome of a computer's high processing speed?

    <p>Ability to perform millions of calculations in seconds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered an advantage of computers?

    <p>Monotony in repetitive tasks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the light pen?

    <p>To select displayed menu items or draw on the screen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which device is most suitable for Computer Aided Designing (CAD) applications?

    <p>Joystick (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does a mouse have over arrow keys?

    <p>It moves the cursor faster on the screen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following keys is NOT considered a control key?

    <p>Shift (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which input device primarily utilizes a ball to detect movement?

    <p>Track Ball (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of device is a scanner most similar to?

    <p>Photocopy machine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the joystick is true?

    <p>It is a stick with a spherical ball for movement in multiple directions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the design of a traditional mouse?

    <p>It contains a spherical ball at the base to sense movement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cache memory?

    <p>To hold frequently used data and programs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of primary memory?

    <p>It can store data permanently. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cache memory considered faster than main memory?

    <p>It is located closer to the CPU. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to data stored in primary memory when power is switched off?

    <p>It is permanently deleted. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory is considered non-volatile?

    <p>Secondary Memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of cache memory?

    <p>It has a limited capacity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of secondary memory?

    <p>It stores data permanently. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is data typically transferred from secondary memory to the CPU?

    <p>Via input-output routines to main memory first. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which generation of computers was primarily based on transistors?

    <p>Second Generation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of supercomputers?

    <p>Ability to perform ten trillion calculations per second (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What operation involves saving data and instructions for later use?

    <p>Storage Operation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do computers play in the field of surgery?

    <p>Performing surgical procedures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of computer is primarily designed for complex work purposes and is high-end?

    <p>Workstation Computer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the 'output information' operation in computer organization?

    <p>To convert data into useful information for the user (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary application of CAD in engineering?

    <p>Creating and modifying images (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area does NOT use computers in military applications?

    <p>Civilian infrastructure management (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mainframe computers?

    <p>Cost-effective for individual users (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of using computers in government?

    <p>Enhancing efficiency in managing voter lists (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary technological advancement that enabled the development of tablets and smartphones?

    <p>Advancements in miniaturization and processing power (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period did the first generation of computers operate?

    <p>1946-1959 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which generation of computers is characterized by VLSI microprocessor technology?

    <p>Fourth Generation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mode of communication mentioned?

    <p>Telemarketing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In industrial engineering, computers primarily focus on which aspect?

    <p>Integrating systems of people, materials, and equipment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of the first generation of computers?

    <p>Reliance on vacuum tubes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Computer

    An advanced electronic device that processes data and outputs results.

    Functions of a Computer

    Five main functions include input, storage, processing, output, and control.

    Input

    Data that is entered into the computer for processing.

    Output

    The results generated by the computer after processing data.

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    High Speed

    Computers can perform calculations much faster than humans, in microseconds or less.

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    Accuracy

    Computers perform tasks with 100% accuracy given correct input.

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    Storage Capability

    Computers can store vast amounts of data like text, images, and videos.

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    Diligence

    Computers can work continuously without fatigue or loss of concentration.

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    Pharma Information System

    A system that checks drug labels, expiry dates, and harmful side effects.

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    CAD

    Computer Aided Design used for creating and modifying drawings in engineering.

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    Structural Engineering

    Field that involves stress and strain analysis for designing structures.

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    Industrial Engineering

    Design and improvement of integrated systems involving people and equipment.

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    Military Communication

    Use of computers for effective military messaging and operations planning.

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    Computer Generations

    Stages of technological change in computers; there are five generations known.

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    First Generation Computers

    Computers built between 1946-1959 using vacuum tube technology.

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    Military Use of Computers

    Computers in defense for operations like missile control and smart weapons.

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    Computer Memory

    Storage space for data and processing instructions in a computer.

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    Cache Memory

    High-speed memory that stores frequently accessed data and programs.

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    Primary Memory

    Also known as main memory; holds active data and instructions for processing.

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    Secondary Memory

    External, non-volatile storage used for permanent data retention.

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    Cells in Memory

    Small parts of memory, each with a unique address for storage.

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    Advantages of Cache Memory

    Faster access time and temporary storage for frequently used data.

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    Disadvantages of Cache Memory

    Limited capacity and high cost relative to other memory types.

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    Memory Types

    Three main types: Cache, Primary, and Secondary memory.

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    Volatile Memory

    Memory that loses its data when the power is turned off.

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    Random Access Memory (RAM)

    Internal memory for temporarily storing data and programs, erasing it when power is off.

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    Static RAM (SRAM)

    Fast and expensive memory that does not need regular refreshing but is volatile.

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    Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

    Cheaper, smaller memory that needs constant refreshing to maintain data.

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    Access Time in RAM

    The time it takes to read or write data, which is uniform for any storage location.

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    Memory Cells in DRAM

    Basic units in DRAM made of one capacitor and one transistor that hold data.

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    Second Generation

    The period from 1959-1965 characterized by transistor-based computers.

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    Third Generation

    The period from 1965-1971 known for computers based on integrated circuits.

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    Fourth Generation

    The period from 1971-1980 dominated by VLSI microprocessor technology.

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    Fifth Generation

    The period from 1980 onwards characterized by ULSI microprocessor technology.

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    Mainframe Computer

    High-capacity, costly computers used by organizations for simultaneous access.

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    Supercomputer

    The fastest type of computer, capable of immense calculations per second.

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    Workstation Computer

    High-end computers made for complex work purposes.

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    Five Basic Operations of Computers

    Processes: Take Input, Store Data, Processing Data, Output Information.

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    Function Keys

    Twelve keys on the keyboard used for specific purposes.

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    Control Keys

    Keys that control the cursor and screen, including arrows and more.

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    Mouse

    A popular pointing device to control cursor movement on a screen.

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    Joystick

    A pointing device used to control cursor position, mainly in gaming.

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    Light Pen

    A pointing device used to select menu items or draw on a screen.

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    Track Ball

    An input device where the ball is manipulated instead of moving the device itself.

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    Scanner

    An input device that captures images or documents for digital use.

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    Special Purpose Keys

    Keys like Enter, Shift, and Space bar used for specific functions.

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    Study Notes

    Computer

    • A computer is an advanced electronic device
    • It takes raw data as input from a user
    • It processes the data under the control of a set of instructions (a program)
    • It produces output, and saves it for future use
    • It is essential in today's information-rich world

    Computer Functionalities

    • Takes data as input
    • Stores data/instructions in memory for later use
    • Processes data and instructions to create useful information
    • Generates output
    • Controls all the above steps

    Computer Definition

    • A computer is an electronic data processing device
    • It accepts and stores input data
    • It processes the input data
    • It produces output in a required format

    Computer Advantages

    • High speed: Performs calculations very quickly compared to humans
    • Accuracy: Calculates with 100% accuracy if correct input is given
    • Storage Capacity: Stores large amounts of data (images, videos, text, audio)
    • Diligence: Never gets bored or tired; works continuously without errors
    • Versatility: Performs various tasks, from complex scientific calculations to simple games
    • Reliability: Modern electronics have long lifespans, and maintenance is easy

    Computer Disadvantages

    • No Intelligence: Cannot perform tasks independently; needs instructions for every task
    • Dependence: Operates as per user instructions; cannot make decisions itself
    • Environmental Needs: Requires a suitable, dust-free environment
    • No Emotions: Lacks emotions, feelings, taste, experience, and judgment like humans

    Applications of Computers

    • Business: Payroll calculations, budgeting, financial forecasting, sales analysis, managing employee records, and maintaining stock
    • Banking: Online accounting, balances, deposits, overdrafts, interest, charges, share-related activities, and handling trustee records.
    • Insurance: Keeping records updated, maintaining client databases with information about policies, policy start dates, installments, maturity dates, interest due and bonus details.
    • Education: Computer-Based Education (CBE); controlling, delivering, and evaluating learning; improving student numbers
    • Marketing: Advertising, writing and revising ads and creating graphics to promote goods and services; enabling home shopping

    Computer Generations

    • Five generations of computers have been developed, each with different technologies
    • First Generation (1946-1959): Vacuum tube based computers.
    • Second Generation (1959-1965) : Transistor-based computers.
    • Third Generation (1965-1971): Integrated Circuit-based computers.
    • Fourth Generation (1971-1980): VLSI microprocessor based computers.
    • Fifth Generation (1980-onwards): ULSI microprocessor based computers.

    Computer Types

    • Different computers have various designs and features based on requirements(capacity, speed)
    • Mainframe computers: High capacity machines for simultaneous use by many users.
    • Supercomputers: Fastest computers capable of handling trillions of calculations per second
    • Workstations: Expensive, high-end computers for complex tasks.
    • Personal Computers (PCs): Low-capacity machines for single users
    • Laptops: Portable personal computers.
    • Tablets and Smartphones: Pocket-friendly, modern devices

    Computer Organization

    • Input Unit: Enters data into the computer
    • Memory Unit: Stores data and instructions for processing
    • Processing Unit: Processes data using arithmetic and logic operations
    • Output Unit: Displays processed information to the user

    Computer input devices

    • Keyboard, Mouse, Joystick, Light Pen, Trackball, Scanner, Microphone, Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR), Optical Character Recognition (OCR), Bar Code Reader, Optical Mark Reader (OMR), Digitizer

    Computer Memory

    • Main Memory (Primary): Stores data and instructions currently used

    • Secondary Memory (Secondary): Stores data and instructions permanently.

    • Cache Memory: Stores frequently used data and instructions for faster access

    • Primary memory: Volatile: Contents lost if power cut. Examples include RAM: Random Access Memory

    • Secondary memory: Non-volatile: Contents remain even if power cut. Examples include ROM: Read Only Memory, Hard disk.

    Computer Mother Board

    • A motherboard connects all computer components. It is the backbone
    • It holds the CPU, memory, hard drives, video/sound card, and expansion cards.
    • Different types of supports for different components like video cards and hard disks.
    • Compatible components are needed to work together effectively.
    • Different motherboard manufacturers include Intel, Asus, Biostar, Gigabyte, and MSI.

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