Computer Basics and Operations

Computer Basics

• A computer is an electronic device used for processing data.
• Data are prepared programs used by a machine.
• Computers perform various tasks: plotting rocket courses, creating bank statements, forecasting weather, and more.
• A computer is considered a large information machine.
• The internal operations of a computer are called processing.

Computer Operations

• Output is the result of data processing.
• Computers use circuits for arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, division, multiplication, exponentiation).
• Input, processing, and output are fundamental concepts as in school.
• Many daily tasks are step-by-step processes.
• Peripheral devices are used in connection with computers.

Properties of Mineral Oil

• Mineral oil is slippery and acts as a good lubricant.
• Some metals can be brightened using heat and special chemicals.
• Lack of grease in machines causes friction.
• Oil lamps are a source of illumination for many.
• Different grades of oil are used for specific lubrication purposes.
• Steam condenses to water when touching a cold surface.

Electrical Bulbs and Other Applications

• The tungsten wire in an electric bulb can vaporize.
• Crude oil is refined in a refinery.
• Civil engineering projects have significantly sped up in recent years.
• Cranes use a variety of lifting equipment.
• Soil behavior is largely influenced by water content.
• Mild-steel bars are used in reinforced concrete beams to improve tensile strength.
• Concrete needs protection from freezing during the first seven days after being placed.

Metalworking and Metallurgy

• Ground testing is crucial for foundation work.
• Metallurgy is the science of metalworking.
• Metals liquefy at high temperatures.
• Metalworkers identify ores for smelting into metal.
• Furnaces are lined with firebricks.
• Metal and slag are tapped from furnaces.

Metals and Alloys

• Gold and silver are considered noble metals because they do not tarnish easily.
• Alloys are created by combining different metals.
• Increasing carbon content in iron is necessary for creating steel.
• Molten metal and liquid slag fall to the bottom of the furnace hearth.
• Microwaves are used for communication due to their large bandwidth.
• No complete waveguide communication system is commercially operational yet.

Microwave Engineering and Applications

• Studies of microwave links advance microwave engineering.
• Electricity, like sound, travels in waves (radio waves).
• Astronomers use microwave frequencies to study star-generated electromagnetic radiation (from stars).
• The frequency/wavelength of a broadcasting station is decided by the alternating current cycles.
• Open-wire telephone communication is the oldest method.
• Modern broadcast stations use antennas to transmit sound combined with carrier waves.

Sound and Radar

• Sound is produced by vibrations and travels in waves.
• Microwave energy is often used to heat dielectric materials.
• Radar originated from radio detecting and ranging abbreviations.
• Radar scans space using high frequency radio waves.
• Radar's reflected beam strength and direction measure an object's size, distance, etc.
• The transmitter sends another pulse to receive echoes from more distant objects.

Radar Systems

• Radar systems measure an object's distance using the time radio energy takes to travel to and from the object.
• Electromagnetic energy travels at approximately 3x100 meters per second.
• Radio energy encompasses the electromagnetic spectrum from 1 mm to 100 kilometers in wavelength.
• Radar energy is a specific part of the radio spectrum, transmitted in short pulses.
• Electromagnetic energy from the transmitter is radiated at regular intervals.

Concrete Technology

• The received signal (echo) is displayed on the display unit.
• Portland cement concrete is a common civil engineering material.
• In the past, concrete technology was based on an empirical science.
• Concrete forms the foundation of modern buildings.
• Builders have historically used materials to bond stones or bricks.
• Lightweight aggregates can be natural or synthetic.

Concrete Properties and Construction

• Concrete is versatile, used in both construction and architectural design.
• Formwork is crucial in concrete construction.
• Synthetic fibers are now produced in large quantities.
• Functional fibers need consumer approval.
• Chemists prepare ingredients, and technologists process them.
• Naturally occurring and spun yarns are used in weaving or knitting textile fibers.

Fiber Manufacturing

• Extremely fine yarns are necessary for delicate materials during manufacture.
• Asbestos is a mineral fiber made into fireproof fabrics or protective clothing.
• Mohair, cashmere, and other animal fibers are important in textile production.
• Cotton is the only vegetable fiber made from a single cell.
• Fiber production is often concentrated in areas with low labor costs.

Magnetism and Electricity

• Magnetic field strength depends on the current.
• Resistors impede current flow in a circuit.
• Metal mixtures containing magnetic substances have magnetic properties.
• The magnetic force of attraction is strongest at the magnet's ends.
• Generators are used in large-scale electrical energy production.
• A substance attracted to a magnet can become a magnet itself.
• Unlike poles attract; like poles repel.
• Current flows when a potential difference exists across a conductor.
• Water turbines transform kinetic energy from flowing or falling water into mechanical rotary motion.
• Nuclear reactors convert nuclear energy into thermal energy.

Gravity and Forces

• Energy is the capacity to do work.
• A body escaping gravity becomes weightless.
• The downward force of an object is equal to its weight.
• Energy is transformable between systems.

Miscellaneous Topics

• Human existence depends on energy from the sun.

• Some anthropology students specialize in economic anthropology.

• Mechanical work does not require imagination or innovation.

• Water is not present on the moon's surface, scientists believe.

• Mechanics is the science of energy, forces, and their effects on bodies.

• Each university department has its own regulations.

• Agricultural production is mechanized in some countries.

• Mass is measured in kilograms, but very small masses use grams.

• Some substances do not allow electricity to flow easily.

• Iran produces a large amount of oil daily.

• Copper permits easy electrical flow.

• Iron, cobalt, and nickel are highly magnetic metals.

• A magnet creates a magnetic field around it.

• Researchers in physics achieved measurable progress.

• Accuracy is a key advantage of computers.

• Program documentation is critical.

• Computer perfection takes time.

• Experience improves performance (practice makes perfect).

• Instruments are handled with care.

• Oil lamps are used for room illumination.

Other Miscellaneous Topics

• Babies require sufficient nourishment.

• Thick walls can resist damage.

• Oil’s bright burning makes it suitable for lighting.

• Thoughtful people consider consequences.

• Sufficient heat is needed to melt metal.

• Economic practices involve avoiding resource waste.

• Plans may be excellent in theory but fail in practice.

• Plants thrive in good climates.

• Construction helps address housing shortages.

• Economical travel choices can save money.

• Humans often struggle against nature.

• Businesses plan construction of new hotels.

• Constructive criticism is valuable for progress.

• Geologists study Earth's age.

• Economics studies economic relationships.

• Environment stewardship is important.

• Natural forces include wind, rain, thunder, and lightning.

• Easy questions are answered easily.

• Metals are good heat and electricity conductors.