Introduction to Computer Studies

Introduction to Computer Studies

• Computer studies is a broad field encompassing various aspects of computing.

Characteristics of Computers

• Automatic: Computers operate independently without continuous human intervention. They do not initiate actions, but instead execute instructions provided by users.

• Accuracy: Computers are highly accurate, though errors can still occur. Accuracy depends on the design and the input data, not inherent technological limits. Human error is a more common source of inaccuracies.

• Speed: Computers are incredibly fast, performing tasks in fractions of a second, allowing for rapid processing of large amounts of data.

• Storage: Computers have built-in memory to store vast quantities of data, from simple text to complex programs.

• Diligence: Computers are relentless and don't get tired, making them ideal for tasks needing extended periods of operation.

• Versatility: They can handle a wide variety of tasks, from simple calculations to complex simulations, meaning they can accomplish many different kinds of computational workloads

• Power of Remembering: Computers excel in recalling and storing significant amounts of information.

• No IQ: Computers are tools that perform operations programmed by humans, they cannot think or make independent decisions.

• No Feeling: Computers lack emotions and personal opinions; their actions are determined by programming.

Categories of Computers

• Supercomputer: The fastest and most powerful, used for complex mathematical calculations.

• Gigaflops: 10⁹ arithmetic operations per second.

• Teraflops: 10¹² arithmetic operations per second.

• Petaflops: 10¹⁵ arithmetic operations per second.

• Mainframe: Large and expensive, managing hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.

• Minicomputer: Mid-size computers, used in applications between micro and mainframes.

• Workstation: Intended for individual use, offering enhanced speed and capabilities over personal computers.

• Microcomputer: Small and relatively inexpensive, using a microprocessor as their central processing unit (CPU).

Generations of Computers

• First Generation (1942-1955): Vacuum tubes as the primary technology.

• Second Generation (1955-1964): Transistors used instead of vacuum tubes.

• Third Generation (1965-1975): Integrated circuits (ICs) implemented.

• Fourth Generation (1975-1989): Microprocessor chips revolutionized computing.

Main Structural Components of a Computer

• Input: The initial stage where data is entered.
• Processing: The core operation of transforming data into information.
• Output: The end result, presenting information.
• Feedback: The system's ability to react to and adapt based on the output.

Computer System

A systematic breakdown of components.

• Hardware:

  • Peripheral devices (input/output)
  • File (Database)
  • Central processing unit (CPU):
    • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
    • Control Unit
    • Memory
  • Auxiliary Equipment

• Software:

  • Application software
  • System software:
    • Operating systems
    • Utility programs
    • Programming languages
    • Programming manuals