1: Introduction to Computer Science

A process for finding the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two numbers. It involves repeatedly subtracting the smaller number from the larger number until they are equal.

The largest number that divides two given numbers without leaving a remainder.

The process of repeatedly subtracting the smaller number from the larger number in Euclid's algorithm.

The idea that if a number divides both a and b, it also divides their difference (a - b).

The fact that in Euclid's algorithm, either 'a' or 'b' becomes smaller in each step, ensuring the process will eventually terminate.

Using variable names to represent changing values over time, as seen in Euclid's algorithm.

A concise and structured way to describe an algorithm's steps, often using English-like syntax.

The process of explaining an algorithm's goal, logic, correctness, and stopping condition, before implementing it on a computer.

A conceptual, unlimited storage space where data is represented as a sequence of symbols.

A fundamental component of the Turing Machine, enabling it to read symbols from and write symbols to the tape.

A specific set of instructions that dictates the Turing Machine's behavior, including reading, writing, and moving the read/write head.

The state of the Turing Machine's control unit, which reflects its current configuration and determines its next action.

A key component of the Turing Machine, responsible for interpreting and executing instructions from the fixed program.

A pioneering computer that employed the principles of the Turing Machine, demonstrating the feasibility of a universal, programmable computer.

A fundamental architectural design for computers that stores both data and instructions in the same memory space, enabling greater flexibility and efficiency.

A primary memory component in computers that provides random access to data and instructions, allowing for rapid retrieval regardless of location.

The main processing component of a computer, responsible for executing instructions and manipulating data.

A component within the CPU responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations on data.

A communication pathway within a computer system that allows different components to exchange data.

A type of memory that stores data temporarily while a program is running. It's also known as primary memory.

Components that allow the computer to interact with the outside world, such as keyboards, monitors, and network cards.

A numerical representation of the number of instructions a computer can execute per second. It indicates computing speed.

The instructions in a computer program expressed as a sequence of numerical codes understood directly by the processor.

A sequence of characters that represents a piece of text, represented in double quotes, when used in programming.

A representation of changing values over time, used in algorithms to store information.

The process of repeatedly applying a set of instructions to achieve a desired result in an algorithm.

A concise and structured way to describe an algorithm's steps, often using English-like syntax.

Rules that govern the arrangement of characters and symbols in a language, similar to grammar in spoken languages.

Rules that define the meaning and interpretation of code, translating it to actions the computer can understand.

A program that translates human-readable code (like C++) into machine-understandable instructions.

A statement or instruction in a program that is ignored by the compiler but is helpful for humans to understand the code.

A sequence of characters that ends a statement in a program, letting the compiler know that one instruction is complete.

A process of translating human-readable code into machine-readable instructions, where the syntax is checked for correctness.

The meaning or purpose behind a program, describing what it does and how it achieves its goal.

A set of rules and definitions that define a programming language, outlining its structure and behavior.

A C++ program is a sequence of instructions written in the C++ language that, when executed, performs a specific task. It can be a simple program that prints text to the screen or a complex program that manipulates data and interacts with the operating system.

The compiler understands and translates a program's text into machine language that the computer can directly execute.

Syntactical errors are the problems of incorrect C++ grammar. Semantical errors are the problems of incorrect logic or meaning in the program.

Compilers are designed to detect syntactical errors, ensuring the code is structurally correct. However, they can sometimes also identify certain semantic errors that violate the rules of the C++ language.

The operating system manages computer resources, including hardware and software, enabling the execution of programs like editors, compilers, and the compiled C++ programs.

It allows you to create, modify, and store C++ programs before they are compiled. It's like a notepad for writing your code.

C++ programs can be divided into various components, such as input, computation, and output. This breakdown helps in understanding the program's function and how different parts interact.

The C++ language provides a set of constructs, or tools, that programmers use to build their programs. These constructs include basic building blocks such as variables, data types, operators, and control flow statements.