Introduction to Computer Hardware

Introduction to Computer Hardware

• Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system.
• These components work together to execute instructions and perform tasks.
• Key components include the central processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM), storage devices (HDD, SSD), input/output devices (keyboard, mouse, monitor), and motherboard.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• The CPU is the "brain" of the computer.
• It fetches, decodes, and executes instructions from programs.
• CPUs have multiple cores for parallel processing, increasing speed.
• Clock speed, measured in gigahertz (GHz), dictates the processing rate.
• CPU performance is crucial for overall system speed.

Memory (RAM)

• Random Access Memory (RAM) is essential for storing data and instructions.
• RAM is volatile, meaning data is lost when the computer is off.
• RAM speed and capacity directly impact system performance.
• More RAM allows for running multiple programs simultaneously.

Storage Devices

• Storage devices store data permanently.
• Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) use magnetic platters for storage.
• Solid State Drives (SSDs) use flash memory chips, faster and more resilient.
• Storage capacity is measured in gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB).

Input/Output Devices

• Input devices allow users to interact with the computer.
• Examples include keyboards, mice, scanners, microphones, and touchscreens.
• Output devices display or transmit the results of computer processing.
• Examples include monitors, printers, speakers, and projectors.

Motherboard

• The motherboard is the main circuit board.
• It connects and controls all other hardware components.
• It houses the CPU, RAM, and expansion slots for additional devices.
• Crucial for enabling communication between computer parts.

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

• GPUs are specialized processors for handling graphics and visual tasks.
• Particularly important for gaming, video editing, and graphic design.
• Modern GPUs often include dedicated memory to further enhance performance.

Expansion Cards

• Expansion cards are add-on circuits that add functionality to a computer.
• Examples include sound cards, video cards, network cards, and TV tuner cards.
• They often plug into slots on the motherboard.

Power Supply Unit (PSU)

• The PSU converts AC power to DC power to run computer components.
• Different PSU models cater to various needs and power consumption rates.
• Proper wattage is essential to accommodate all components and prevent damage.

Cooling Systems

• Cooling systems are vital for preventing computer overheating during operation.
• Fans, heatsinks, and liquid cooling systems are widely used to manage temperatures.
• Overheating can severely damage the hardware and affect its performance.