Introduction to Computer Hardware

Introduction to Hardware Devices

• Computer hardware refers to any physical components of a computer.
• Hardware includes both internal and external components.
• Internal components are essential for the computer's operation.
• External components are attached to enhance functionality.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• The CPU is considered the brain of the computer.
• It is responsible for interpreting and executing instructions.
• The CPU performs key operations:
  • Arithmetic
  • Logic
  • I/O operations
  • Command allocation for other components

Processor

• Processors are small silicon chips that perform operations.
• Processor speed is measured in megahertz.
• The four main functions of the processor are:
  • Fetching instructions
  • Decoding instructions
  • Executing instructions
  • Writing back results
• Processors are found in various devices, including computers, laptops, smartphones, and embedded systems.

Processor Architecture

• Processors are comprised of integrated hardware components.
• These components work together to deliver information and complete tasks.
• Two key factors influence processing speed:
  • Processor cores: Determine the amount of information received at once.
  • Clock speed: Determines how quickly information is processed.

CPU Components

• Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical operations.
  • Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication.
  • Logical operations include AND, OR, Equal, less than, greater than.
• Control Unit (CU): Manages and coordinates all computer components.
  • It directs the logic unit, memory, and input/output devices.
• Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer system.
  • Controls all other units.
  • Known as the processor.

Types of Processors

• Microcontroller:
  • Primary function is reading input and responding to output.
  • Known as General Purpose Input Output (GPIO).
• Microprocessor:
  • General-purpose processor consisting of:
    • A control unit
    • ALU
    • Registers (scratchpad, control, and status)
• Embedded Processor:
  • Designed for controlling mechanical and electrical functions.
  • Includes components like:
    • Processor
    • Timer
    • Interrupt controller
    • Memory (program and data)
    • Power supply
    • Reset and clock circuits
    • Application-specific circuits
    • Ports and interfacing circuits
• Digital Signal Processor (DSP):
  • Used for measuring, filtering, or compressing digital or analog signals.
  • Ideal for real-time applications.
• Media Processor:
  • Designed for real-time data processing, particularly for images and videos.
  • Applications include voice user interfaces and professional audio.

Microprocessor

• A central processing unit (CPU) serving as the "brain" of a computer or electronic device.
• It is an integrated circuit that performs various operations:
  • Arithmetic and logic operations
  • Control of input and output devices
  • Execution of instructions from memory.