Introduction to Computer Hardware

Study Notes

The CPU is considered the brain of the computer.
It is responsible for interpreting and executing instructions.
The CPU performs key operations:
- Arithmetic
- Logic
- I/O operations
- Command allocation for other components

Processors are small silicon chips that perform operations.
Processor speed is measured in megahertz.
The four main functions of the processor are:
- Fetching instructions
- Decoding instructions
- Executing instructions
- Writing back results
Processors are found in various devices, including computers, laptops, smartphones, and embedded systems.

Processors are comprised of integrated hardware components.
These components work together to deliver information and complete tasks.
Two key factors influence processing speed:
- Processor cores: Determine the amount of information received at once.
- Clock speed: Determines how quickly information is processed.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical operations.
- Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication.
- Logical operations include AND, OR, Equal, less than, greater than.
Control Unit (CU): Manages and coordinates all computer components.
- It directs the logic unit, memory, and input/output devices.
Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer system.
- Controls all other units.
- Known as the processor.

Microcontroller:
- Primary function is reading input and responding to output.
- Known as General Purpose Input Output (GPIO).
Microprocessor:
- General-purpose processor consisting of:
  - A control unit
  - ALU
  - Registers (scratchpad, control, and status)
Embedded Processor:
- Designed for controlling mechanical and electrical functions.
- Includes components like:
  - Processor
  - Timer
  - Interrupt controller
  - Memory (program and data)
  - Power supply
  - Reset and clock circuits
  - Application-specific circuits
  - Ports and interfacing circuits
Digital Signal Processor (DSP):
- Used for measuring, filtering, or compressing digital or analog signals.
- Ideal for real-time applications.
Media Processor:
- Designed for real-time data processing, particularly for images and videos.
- Applications include voice user interfaces and professional audio.

A central processing unit (CPU) serving as the "brain" of a computer or electronic device.
It is an integrated circuit that performs various operations:
- Arithmetic and logic operations
- Control of input and output devices
- Execution of instructions from memory.