Introduction to Computer Architecture
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Questions and Answers

What was a feature of the PDP-8 that contributed to its success in establishing the minicomputer market?

  • Use of semiconductor memory
  • Omnibus bus structure with 96 signal paths (correct)
  • Incorporation of microprocessors
  • Expansion of VLSI technology

    • Which type of memory became cheaper than magnetic-core memory by 1974?

  • Magnetic tape memory
  • Flash memory
  • Optical memory
  • Semiconductor memory (correct)

    • What key development in the 1970s led to more accessible personal computers?

  • Development of affordable semiconductor memory (correct)
  • Adoption of 16-bit microprocessors
  • Launch of the Intel 4004 microprocessor
  • Introduction of LSI chips

    • Which of the following microprocessors was the first general-purpose 8-bit microprocessor?

    <p>Intel 8080 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technology allowed for an increase in the number of components on chips from 1,000 to over a million in later generations?

    <p>ULSI technology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of data processing within a system?

    <p>Operating components to manage data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which computer architecture introduced the stored-program concept?

    <p>Von Neumann Machine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the first generation of computers primarily operate?

    <p>With vacuum tubes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the fetch-execute cycle?

    <p>A method of interpreting and executing instructions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was significant about the UNIVAC I?

    <p>It was the first commercial computer. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the Von Neumann architecture?

    <p>Graphical Processing Unit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary technology replaced vacuum tubes in electronic computers during the second generation?

    <p>Transistors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What programming method was primarily used in the first generation of computers?

    <p>Manual programming with switches and cables (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which IBM model was considered the first electronic stored-program computer?

    <p>IBM 701 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does computer architecture primarily refer to?

    <p>Attributes that have a direct impact on program execution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic made the IAS computer a prototype of the Von Neumann machine?

    <p>Memory for both data and instructions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT considered an architectural attribute of a computer system?

    <p>Control signals in hardware (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key advantage of UNIVAC II compared to its predecessors?

    <p>It offered backward compatibility. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the control unit play in a CPU?

    <p>It controls the operation of the CPU and the computer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which company was an early leader in transistor-based computers alongside NCR?

    <p>RCA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a notable feature of the IBM 7094?

    <p>Data channels with independent processors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does computer organization focus on?

    <p>Operational units and their interconnections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is responsible for performing data processing in a computer?

    <p>Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key development characterized the second generation of computers?

    <p>Development of high-level programming languages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of a computer's structure, how are subsystems typically arranged?

    <p>As interrelated subsystems in a hierarchical manner (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did fully transistorized computers become available?

    <p>By the late 1950s (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much did the main memory of the IBM 7094 grow after enhancements?

    <p>From 2K to 32K words (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes an I/O mechanism in a computer system?

    <p>Techniques used to connect the CPU and external devices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of registers within the CPU?

    <p>To provide temporary storage for data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary innovation of the integrated circuit (IC) introduced in 1958?

    <p>It consolidated components onto a single piece of silicon. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about Moore's Law?

    <p>It predicts a consistent doubling of the number of transistors on a chip. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the main components consolidated by the integrated circuit?

    <p>Transistors, resistors, and conductors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a significant advantage of integrated circuits over discrete components?

    <p>Greater reliability through fewer interchip connections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key outcome is associated with the increased density of components in integrated circuits?

    <p>More compact and versatile computers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the IBM System/360?

    <p>It was released in 1964 and helped IBM gain significant market share. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the DEC PDP-8 computer released in 1964?

    <p>It was compact and affordable compared to other systems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key feature differentiates small-scale integration (SSI) from later integrated circuits?

    <p>SSI typically contains a few gates or memory cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Computer Architecture and Organization

    • A distinction exists between computer architecture and organization
    • Architecture: Attributes visible to a programmer, impacting program execution. Includes instruction set, data representation, and input/output mechanisms.
    • Organization: Operational units and connections that realize architectural specifications. Includes hardware details (e.g., control signals), and interface between computer and peripherals.

    Structure and Function

    • Computers are complex systems with millions of components.
    • Hierarchical structure allows for description and design at different levels of detail.
    • Structure: How components interrelate
      • Control Unit: Controls CPU operation
      • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs data processing
      • Registers: CPU storage
    • Function: How each component operates within the system
    • System description can follow either a bottom-up or top-down approach.

    CPU Interconnections

    • Mechanisms provide communication between control unit, ALU, and registers.
    • Main Memory: Stores data and instructions
    • Input/Output (I/O): Data transfer between computer and external environment
    • System Interconnection: How different components interact

    Data Movement

    • Data movement between different sources and destinations within the computer system is key to its functioning.
    • Data Storage: Where data is stored in the computer system.
    • Data Processing: Where data is handled in the computer system.

    Brief History of Computers

    • First Generation (Vacuum Tubes): ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic computer, used vacuum tubes, was large, and complex.

    • Von Neumann Machine: Introduced stored-program concept where instructions are stored with data to the computer's memory.

    • Commercial Computers: Sperry and IBM were early leaders, creating commercial computers such as UNIVAC I.

    • Second Generation (Transistors): Transistors replaced vacuum tubes. This improvement resulted in smaller, more efficient, and cheaper computers. Key features included high-level programming language.

    • Third Generation (Integrated Circuits): Integrated circuits (ICs) combined multiple components into a single chip, resulting in significant cost reduction, performance increase and smaller size; used small-scale integration (SSI).

    • Fourth Generation: Development of (large-scale, very large-scale, etc.) integration led to the current era's mainframe computers.

    • Fifth Generation: The development of AI, which led to the development of Artificial Intelligence.

    • System/360: IBM introduced a family of computers (System/360) to meet varying performance and cost needs, marking a significant point in the evolution of computing.

    • DEC PDP-8: Mini-computer, commercially successful and affordable, impacting the computing market.

    Later Generations

    • Advancements in LSI, VLSI, and ULSI continue, increasing component density on a chip, and leading to more complex and powerful systems.
    • Semiconductor memory evolved, becoming faster, cheaper, and more crucial part of modern computers.
    • Introduction of microprocessors, combining central processing unit components onto a single chip.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of computer architecture and organization. You will learn the distinctions between architecture and organization, the hierarchical structure of computers, and the interconnections within the CPU. Test your understanding of how components function together in a computer system.

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