Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
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Questions and Answers

What method did Wundt employ in his psychological experiments?

  • Surveys and questionnaires
  • Behavior modification
  • Experimental observation
  • Analytic introspection (correct)

    • What was one criticism John Watson had about Wundt's approach?

  • It yielded extremely variable results from person to person. (correct)
  • It relied too heavily on experimental methods.
  • It focused on observable behavior only.
  • It produced highly consistent results.

    • What principle did Pavlov establish through his experiments?

  • Cognitive restructuring
  • Insight learning
  • Classical conditioning (correct)
  • Operant conditioning

    • What is the focus of mental chronometry as introduced by Donders?

    <p>Measuring the duration of cognitive processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the 'Little Albert' experiment, what outcome was conditioned?

    <p>Fear of the rat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes behaviorism as proposed by John Watson?

    <p>The study of directly observable behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a choice reaction-time task?

    <p>Responding to one stimulus out of two possible stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of cognition involves understanding and interpreting verbal information?

    <p>Language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can cognitive psychology be applied in a practical context?

    <p>By improving problem-solving efficiency in individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a component of cognition?

    <p>Physical strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the difference between Choice RT and Simple RT indicate?

    <p>The extra time needed to make a decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered an example of unconscious inference according to Helmholtz?

    <p>Making assumptions about environmental stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Ebbinghaus measure memory retention?

    <p>By recalling lists after varying intervals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the method of savings measure?

    <p>The difference in learning and relearning repetitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the retention interval have according to Ebbinghaus's findings?

    <p>Short intervals result in fewer repetitions needed to relearn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of Watson's 'Little Albert' experiment?

    <p>To analyze behavior without referencing mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does operant conditioning emphasize in behavior modification?

    <p>The impact of rewards and punishments on behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Skinner view language acquisition in children?

    <p>As learned exclusively through operant conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Chomsky's primary argument against Skinner's theory of language acquisition?

    <p>Children's speech does not always involve rewards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which conclusion can be drawn from Tolman's maze experiment with rats?

    <p>Rats create a cognitive map of their environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the misbehavior of organisms highlight about behaviorism?

    <p>It demonstrated that instincts can hinder conditioned behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the cognitive revolution in psychology?

    <p>To explain behavior in terms of underlying cognitive processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes behaviorism as it was understood in the early 20th century?

    <p>A framework that focuses exclusively on observable actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of behaviorism, what is operant conditioning primarily associated with?

    <p>The modification of behavior through external stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Broadbent's flow diagram represent?

    <p>How unattended information is filtered out during attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method did Cherry use to study attention in his research?

    <p>Dichotic listening experiments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the information-processing approach utilize as a foundational concept?

    <p>Comparisons to digital computers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What question does the cognitive revolution raise regarding information absorption?

    <p>How much information can the mind simultaneously absorb?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the physiological approach in studying behavior?

    <p>The relationship between physiology and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study by Muller and Pilzecker, what was the independent variable?

    <p>Duration of the delay between learning lists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Gais et al. (2007) measure the dependent variable in their sleep study?

    <p>Retention of a word list measured two days later</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one key finding from the Gais et al. (2007) experiment?

    <p>The sleep group demonstrated better memory performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disciplines are included in the interdisciplinary study of cognitive science?

    <p>Psychology, Neuroscience, and Linguistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does memory consolidation refer to in the context of recent events?

    <p>The process of stabilizing a memory after learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the method used by Gais et al. to study the effect of sleep on memory consolidation?

    <p>Controlled sleep studies with brain imaging techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential interference can occur with recent memories during consolidation?

    <p>New information disrupting consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

    • Cognitive psychology is the study of mental events and knowledge.
    • Key cognitive processes include perception, attention, memory, knowledge representation, language, problem-solving, and reasoning/decision-making.
    • The study of cognition involves "hidden" processes, meaning processes we might not be aware of.
    • Cognitive psychology uses empirical investigation.

    What is Cognitive Psychology?

    • Broad definition: The investigation of mental events and knowledge involved in tasks like identifying objects, recalling names, understanding concepts, and solving problems.
    • Specific definition: The study of mental processes used in perception, remembering, thinking, and using those processes.

    Some Questions to Consider

    • Cognitive psychology's relevance to everyday experience.
    • Practical applications of cognitive psychology.
    • Studying mental processes, despite their unobservable nature.
    • The connection between computers and the study of the mind.

    The First Cognitive Psychologists

    • Donders (1868):

      • Developed mental chronometry, measuring the time taken for cognitive processes.
      • Conducted reaction-time experiments (RT experiments).
      • The difference in time between simple and choice RT tasks revealed the time required to make a decision.

    • Helmholtz (~1860s):

      • Proposed "unconscious inference."
      • Some of our perceptions result from unconscious assumptions we make about our surrounding environment.

    • Ebbinghaus (1885):

      • Conducted experiments related to memory using nonsense syllables.
      • Determined the number of repetitions necessary to memorize a list.
      • Measured memory retention over time.
      • Computed "savings" in relearning the list.

    • Wundt (1897):

      • Established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany.
      • Introduced structuralism: The belief that experience is the combination of sensations.
      • Used "analytic introspection" to analyze experiences and thought processes.

    The Rise of Behaviorism

    • John Watson (1920):

      • Introduced behaviorism, emphasizing observable behavior over mental processes.
      • Conducted the "Little Albert" experiment demonstrating classical conditioning.

    • Classical conditioning: Pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally produces a response, so the neutral stimulus eventually elicits the response.

    • Pavlov's discovery: A classic example of the experimental work showing classical conditioning.

    • Skinner (1950s):

      • Focused on operant conditioning: Modifying behavior through rewards (reinforcement) and punishments.

    The Decline of Behaviorism

    • Chomsky (1959):
      • Critiqued Skinner's ideas about language acquisition.
      • Argued that children's language abilities can't be solely explained by imitation and reinforcement.
    • Tolman (1938):
      • Found evidence for cognitive maps in rats, challenging the purely behavioral explanation of learning.

    Studying the Mind

    • Behavior approach: Investigating observable behaviors and making inferences about underlying cognitive processes.

    • Physiological approach: Exploring the relationship between brain activity and behavior using methods like fMRI scans.

    Cognitive Revolution

    • Shifted emphasis from stimulus-response relationships to an understanding of cognition in terms of mental processes.
    • Information-processing approach: Applying insights from computers to study mental processes as a series of information processing stages.

    Researching the Mind - Memory Consolidation

    • Memory for recent events is fragile.
    • Processing disruption can hinder memory consolidation.
    • New information can interfere with the consolidation process.
    • Studying memory processes also highlights the behavioral approach, using studies like the one conducted by Muller and Pilzecker.
    • Memory consolidation also uses physiological measures, specifically brain imaging to investigate brain activity during encoding and retrieval processes.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamentals of cognitive psychology, focusing on the study of mental events and processes. Participants will delve into key cognitive concepts such as perception, memory, and problem-solving, while considering their relevance in everyday life. Test your understanding of how we engage with knowledge and make decisions.

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