Introduction to Coding Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is a list in Python?

  • A container made by surrounding elements with square brackets (correct)
  • A type of variable that cannot change
  • A method for creating functions
  • A combination of variables defined by curly braces

    • What is a keyword in Python?

  • Any word that does not conflict with default libraries
  • A predefined word that has a specific meaning (correct)
  • A type of function that the user defines
  • A word that can be used as a variable name

    • What is meant by a logic error?

  • An error that prevents a program from running
  • A syntax error that is caught by the compiler
  • An error in memory allocation
  • An incorrect assumption within code leading to unexpected output (correct)

    • How is memory described in the provided content?

    <p>A series of addressed locations that can store data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do leading zeros represent?

    <p>Zeros that precede a number, affecting its value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best defines a literal in programming?

    <p>A direct value entered into the code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much data does a megabyte represent?

    <p>One thousand kilobytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes machine instructions?

    <p>Instructions represented as 0s and 1s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be true for an equality operator to evaluate to True between two sequences?

    <p>All elements must be equal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of evaluating the expression x < y if x = [1, 5, 2] and y = [1, 4, 3]?

    <p>False, as 1 and 1 match and further comparison is needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'output' refer to in programming?

    <p>Information provided by a program to the user.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes an OverflowError in programming?

    <p>Assigning a value that is too large for the allocated memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are peripherals in the context of computers?

    <p>Devices used for input and output operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do precedence rules in programming define?

    <p>The order in which expressions are evaluated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the role of a processor in a computer?

    <p>It executes instructions and performs operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of parentheses in expressions?

    <p>To make the order of evaluation explicit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a processor perform its tasks?

    <p>Through executing instructions from memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does presentation type refer to in programming?

    <p>The format in which values are represented in output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an algorithm?

    <p>To provide a sequence of instructions to solve a problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'abstraction' in programming?

    <p>Providing less control by hiding details</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes ASCII?

    <p>A character encoding format for digital text</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an assignment statement do?

    <p>Creates a new variable and assigns it a value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about binary numbers is true?

    <p>They consist of only 0’s and 1’s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'append' refer to in programming?

    <p>Adding something to a data structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)?

    <p>To set up the computer's basic peripherals upon startup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bits?

    <p>They contain multiple data types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context is 'argument' used in programming?

    <p>Data passed to a function within parentheses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'backwards compatible' mean?

    <p>Older versions can run on newer systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes a programming language?

    <p>A type of scripting language suitable for operating systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pseudocode?

    <p>To provide a readable description of what a program should do.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a set in programming?

    <p>A mutable, unordered collection of unique elements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of Python as a programming language?

    <p>It emphasizes simplicity and readability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does scientific notation use to express very large or very small numbers?

    <p>An 'e' preceding a power-of-10 exponent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a scripting language?

    <p>To execute programs without the need for compilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym RAM stand for?

    <p>Random-Access Memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes a sequence type?

    <p>It is an ordered collection that can be indexed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of refactoring in programming?

    <p>Replacing complex expressions with simpler equivalents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the len() in relation to sequence types?

    <p>To determine the length of a sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a repeating decimal?

    <p>A decimal that continues infinitely with a repeating sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of a statement in programming?

    <p>It represents a single program instruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding replacement fields in Python?

    <p>They replace expressions in formatted string outputs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of programming, what is the role of a seed?

    <p>To create pseudo-random numbers based on time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a runtime error?

    <p>An error when an impossible operation is attempted during execution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'respectively' mean in a mathematical context?

    <p>In a specific sequence that matches two lists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily stored in a string data type?

    <p>A sequence of characters enclosed in quotation marks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a list from a tuple in programming?

    <p>Lists can be resized, while tuples cannot be modified.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Python Enhancement Proposal 8 (Pep 8)?

    <p>It serves as a style guide promoting good practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'software' refer to in computing?

    <p>The intangible parts comprising programs and applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a method in programming?

    <p>An instruction telling an object to perform an action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes a microprocessor?

    <p>It is a term for processors fitting on a single chip.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a module in Python?

    <p>To contain code that can be imported and reused.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Moore’s Law predict?

    <p>The size and capability of integrated circuits will double every two years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mutable mean in programming?

    <p>The value’s type or content can be altered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of naming conventions in programming?

    <p>To create names that are meaningful and useful, avoiding confusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is name binding defined in programming?

    <p>Associating names with interpreter objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of non-volatile memory?

    <p>Memory that retains its contents even when powered off.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the operand refer to in programming?

    <p>The values involved in a mathematical operation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an operator in programming?

    <p>A symbol that indicates an operation to be performed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation would nesting be appropriate?

    <p>Embedding functions or commands within one another properly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these modules comes pre-installed with Python for advanced math functions?

    <p>Math Module</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the behavior of pseudo-random numbers generated by the random module?

    <p>Numbers generated based on a defined algorithm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Absolute Value

    • The number itself, ignoring whether it's positive or negative.

    Abstraction

    • Hides the details; limits control.
    • Recipe title, omitting steps.
    • Opposite of an algorithm.
    • Used in coding with functions, variables, etc.

    Algorithm

    • Sequence of steps to solve a problem.
    • Detailed instructions.
    • Opposite of abstraction.
    • Provides maximum control.

    ASCII

    • Common text encoding format.
    • Basic text, without formatting.
    • Used by computers and the internet.

    Append

    • To add something to the end of a data structure.

    Application (App)

    • A program.

    Argument (or Parameter)

    • Items passed to a function inside parentheses.
    • Separated by commas in some languages.
    • Example: math.sqrt(num).

    Assembler

    • Translates assembly language instructions into machine instructions.
    • Human-readable instructions.

    Assembly Language Instructions

    • Instructions slightly easier for humans to understand than machine language.
    • Translated to machine code using an assembler.

    Assignment Statement

    • Gives a value to a variable using an equals sign.
    • Variable name on the left, value on the right.

    Base

    • Base 2 (binary): Numbers 0 and 1 weighted by increasing powers of 2.
    • Base 10: Numbers 0-9 weighted by increasing powers of 10.

    Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)

    • First program to run on starting a computer.
    • Sets up basic computer peripherals.

    Binary Numbers

    • Using only 0 and 1.
    • A computer's basic storage unit.

    Bits (or Binary Digits)

    • Smallest unit of data in a computer.
    • Two states: 0 or 1.

    Bug (or Logic Error)

    • Coding error with flawed logic.
    • Code doesn't perform as expected.

    Byte

    • A sequence of 8 bits.

    Cache

    • Small, fast RAM on a processor chip for faster access.

    Camel Case

    • Naming convention; start each word after the first with a capital letter.
    • Example: camelCase.

    Case Sensitive

    • Uppercase and lowercase letters are treated differently.

    Central Processing Unit (CPU)

    • See processor.

    Circuits

    • Connections of switches.

    Clock

    • Measures the speed of a processor's instructions.
    • Ticks at a specific frequency (e.g., MHz, GHz).

    Code

    • Written representation of a program (using human-readable text)

    Code Point

    • Unique number representing a character using Unicode.

    Compilers

    • Programs automatically translate high-level code into machine instructions.
    • Creates executable programs.

    Computational Thinking

    • Breaking down problems into smaller, logical pieces.
    • Looking for patterns in data and using them to create solutions,
    • Useful for big problems.

    Computer

    • A device that interacts with a processor using memory.
    • Includes personal computers, laptops, tablets, and more devices.

    Concatenate

    • Joining two or more strings together.

    Container

    • Data structure for holding related values.
    • Example: list, tuple, string, set, dictionary.

    Core

    • A processor contained within an IC.

    Crash

    • Program closes unexpectedly (typically due to error).

    Data Type (or Type)

    • Defines how data behaves.
    • Categorization of information (e.g., name, date).

    Debugging

    • Process of finding and fixing program errors.
    • Troubleshooting a program.

    Decrementing

    • Decreasing a variable by a certain amount repeatedly.
    • Opposite of incrementing.

    Disk (or Hard Drive)

    • A storage device (non-volatile).
    • Stores data like files, etc.

    Element

    • An item in a list or other sequence type.

    End-of-Life

    • Point when a product no longer receives improvements, support, or fixes.

    Error

    • Problems in a program.
    • Includes logic errors, syntax errors and runtime errors.

    Escape Sequence

    • Two-part sequence within a program that tells the program to display, show, do something other than what it literally means.
    • Example: \n for a newline.

    Evaluate

    • Doing the math or calculation in an expression.
    • A computation of results.

    Executable (or Executable Program)

    • A program already formatted for direct execution on a machine.
    • A sequence of machine instructions.

    Expression

    • Code that returns a value after evaluating.

    Execute

    • Run a program or code.

    Floating-Point (or Float)

    • Data type for real numbers (including decimals).

    Format Specification

    • Rules to format a piece of data.

    Formatted String Literal (f-string)

    • Using formatting placeholders inside strings.

    Function

    • A set of statements that can be reused by referring to the function.
    • Can receive input via arguments (in parentheses after the function's name).

    Garbage Collection

    • Automatically freed-up memory space (in some languages).

    Gigabyte

    • A billion bytes.

    Good (or Best) Practices

    • Coding conventions to improve readability, maintainability, and reduce future problems.
    • Example: proper naming conventions and comments.

    Hardware

    • Physical parts and components of a computer.

    High-Level Languages

    • Languages like Python where the instructions are more closely related to human language, as compared to machine language.

    Identifier (or Name)

    • Label or name for something in a program.
    • Cannot be used for anything else in the program (e.g., reserved words).

    Identity

    • Unique numerical identifier that's assigned to each object.
    • Shows the object's memory location.

    Immutable

    • Data value Cannot be changed after created. Integer, string.

    Increment

    • Increasing a variable repeatedly by a certain amount.

    Incremental Development

    • Developing a program in small, manageable steps, testing them.

    Index

    • An element's place in a sequence type (often starting at 0).

    Input

    • Data entered into a program (e.g., using keyboard, file).

    Integer

    • Data type for whole numbers (no decimals).

    Interpreter

    • Program that executes scripts directly.

    Irrational Numbers

    • Numbers that cannot be represented as a ratio of two integers.

    Iteration

    • Repeating a block of code multiple times, especially in loops.

    Keyboard

    • Peripheral that allows the user to input.

    Keywords (or Reserved Words)

    • Words that are already used by the language and cannot be used for variable or other names.

    Leading Zeros

    • Zeros before a number (e.g., 01, not 1).

    Line

    • Row or line of program code.

    List

    • Structure to hold sequence of objects.

    Literal

    • Data written directly in a program, like 3.1415 or "hello".

    Logic Error

    • An error in program logic causing unexpected results (a "bug").

    Machine Instruction

    • Lowest level instruction a computer understands.
    • Usually binary (0 and 1).

    Megabyte

    • A million bytes.

    Memory

    • Computer's component for storing instructions and data.

    Method

    • Function associated with an object.

    Microprocessor

    • Central processing unit (CPU) on a single chip.

    Module

    • A file containing Python code.

    Mutable

    • Data values or contents of an object can be changed.

    Name (or Identifier)

    • A label or name for something in a program.

    Name Binding

    • Associating names (like variables) with objects in a program's runtime.

    Naming Convention

    • Set of rules for naming variables and functions.

    Nesting

    • Placing one block of code inside another block.

    Non-Volatile

    • Data that remains stored when power is off.

    Numeric Type

    • Data type including integers, floating-point numbers.

    Object

    • Instance of a class in an object-oriented language.
    • Contains data (value)and type.

    Operand

    • Values used in calculation in a program.
    • Example: 3 and 5 in 3 + 5.

    Operator

    • Symbols that perform calculations (e.g., +, -, *, /).

    Operating System (OS)

    • Program controlling and managing hardware.

    Operator

    • Symbol that performs a calculation.

    OverflowError

    • Occurs when a value is too large to be stored.

    Output

    • Information a program gives to a user.

    Operand

    • Values used in mathematical or logical operations.

    OverflowError

    • Occurs when an operation in a program creates a value that's too large for a computer to record (in the provided memory).

    Peripherals

    • Device that receives input.
    • Devices that provide output from a computer.

    Precedence Rules

    • Order of operations in a calculation.
    • Order in which operations are performed in an expression.

    Processor

    • Hardware that executes instructions.
    • Central processing unit.

    Program

    • Sequence of instructions formatted for execution.

    Programming Language

    • Language in which programs are written.

    Pseudocode

    • Step-by-step description of code logic in human-readable language.

    Pseudo-Random

    • A sequence of numbers that appears random, but is generated according to a formula (so it is predictable).

    Random Module

    • Python module for generating pseudo-random numbers.

    Reciprocal

    • The inverse of a given number; divide by 1.

    Refactoring

    • Improving code without changing its functionality.
    • Changing the code's internal structure.

    Repeating Decimal

    • A decimal number with an infinitely repeating pattern.

    Replacement Field

    • Placeholder in strings, to be replaced by a value in a formatted string, such as an f-string.

    Respectively

    • In the same order as previously mentioned.

    Runtime Error

    • Programming error not caught at compile time but during runtime or execution.

    Scientific Notation

    • Writing very large or small numbers (with scientific notation or exponential notation).

    Script

    • A sequence of instructions (program) that are executed by an interpreter.

    Scripting Language

    • Language often used for smaller tasks requiring simpler programs.

    Screen (or Monitor)

    • Output device that displays images to a user.

    Seed

    • Value (often a number) used by some algorithms to generate a sequence of numbers, typically to make the results repeatable.

    Sequence Type

    • A set of items arranged in a specific order.
    • Elements can be accessed using an index (e.g., a string, list, or tuple).

    Set

    • Unordered collection of unique elements.

    Software

    • The programs that run on a computer's hardware (opposite of hardware).
    • Example: Operating System.

    Statement

    • Line of code that tells the computer to do something.

    String (or String Literal)

    • Sequence of characters.
    • Data type for text.

    String Concatenation

    • Combining strings together.

    String Literal

    • Literal values inside a string.

    Storage

    • Hardware or software mechanism for storing data.

    Switch

    • Component that turns something "on" and "off", either electronically or physically, controlling a circuit.

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