Introduction to Chemistry

Study of matter, its properties, composition, and changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.

Organic Chemistry
- Focuses on compounds containing carbon.
- Includes hydrocarbons and derivatives.
Inorganic Chemistry
- Studies inorganic substances, typically those not containing carbon.
- Involves metals, minerals, and coordination compounds.
Physical Chemistry
- Combines principles of physics and chemistry.
- Studies the effects of energy changes on matter.
Analytical Chemistry
- Focuses on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of substances.
- Techniques include chromatography, spectroscopy, and titration.
Biochemistry
- Examines chemical processes within living organisms.
- Involves proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates.

Atoms: Basic unit of matter; consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Molecules: Formed when two or more atoms bond together.
Chemical Bonds:
- Ionic Bonds: Transfer of electrons between atoms, resulting in charged ions.
- Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons between atoms.
- Metallic Bonds: Delocalized electrons among metal atoms.

Solid: Definite shape and volume; particles tightly packed.
Liquid: Definite volume but no definite shape; particles less tightly packed.
Gas: No definite shape or volume; particles are far apart.

Law of Conservation of Mass: Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Law of Definite Proportions: A compound always contains the same proportion of elements by mass.
Law of Multiple Proportions: When two elements form multiple compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element combine with a fixed mass of the first are whole numbers.

Reactants: Substances that undergo change.
Products: Substances formed as a result of the reaction.
Types of Reactions:
- Synthesis: A + B → AB
- Decomposition: AB → A + B
- Single Replacement: A + BC → AC + B
- Double Replacement: AB + CD → AD + CB
- Combustion: Hydrocarbon + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O

Organizes elements based on atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.
Groups (columns): Elements with similar properties.
Periods (rows): Represents energy levels.

Acids: Substances that donate protons (H⁺) in solution; taste sour, turn litmus red.
Bases: Substances that accept protons or donate OH⁻; taste bitter, turn litmus blue.
pH Scale: Measures acidity or basicity; ranges from 0-14 (7 is neutral).

The calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions based on the conservation of mass.
Involves molar ratios derived from balanced chemical equations.

This concise framework covers essential topics in chemistry for effective studying and quick reference.

The study of matter and its properties, including its composition, structure, and how it changes during chemical reactions.

Organic Chemistry: Focuses on carbon-containing compounds like hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
Inorganic Chemistry: Studies inorganic substances, excluding carbon-based compounds, like metals, minerals, and coordination compounds.
Physical Chemistry: Combines physics and chemistry to study the effects of energy changes on matter.
Analytical Chemistry: Focuses on qualitative and quantitative analysis of substances, using techniques like chromatography, spectroscopy, and titration.
Biochemistry: Examines chemical processes within living organisms, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates.

Atoms: The fundamental unit of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Molecules: Formed when two or more atoms bond together.
Chemical Bonds:
- Ionic Bonds: Transfer of electrons between atoms, forming charged ions.
- Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons between atoms.
- Metallic Bonds: Delocalized electrons among metal atoms.

Solid: Definite shape and volume, tightly packed particles.
Liquid: Definite volume but no definite shape, less tightly packed particles.
Gas: No definite shape or volume, particles far apart.

Law of Conservation of Mass: Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Law of Definite Proportions: A compound always contains the same proportion of elements by mass.
Law of Multiple Proportions: When two elements form multiple compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with a fixed mass of the first are whole numbers.

Reactants: Substances that undergo change.
Products: Substances formed as a result of the reaction.
Types of Reactions:
- Synthesis: A + B → AB
- Decomposition: AB → A + B
- Single Replacement: A + BC → AC + B
- Double Replacement: AB + CD → AD + CB
- Combustion: Hydrocarbon + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O

Organizes elements based on atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.
Groups (columns): Elements with similar properties.
Periods (rows): Represents energy levels.

Calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions, based on the conservation of mass.
Involves molar ratios derived from balanced chemical equations.

Titration: Determination of a solution's concentration using a reagent of known concentration.
Filtration: Separation of solids from liquids using a porous barrier like filter paper.
Distillation: Separation based on boiling points, used to purify liquids.