30 Questions
What is the fundamental unit of life according to the Cell Theory?
Cell
What is the main difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms?
Function of cells
What is the self-sustaining system that involves DNA, RNA, and proteins?
The central dogma
Who is credited with the discovery of protozoa?
Leeuwenhoek
What is the main characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
They have no nucleus
Who proposed the Cell Theory in 1839?
Schleiden and Schwann
What is the main function of the mitochondria?
To generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
What is the characteristic of the internal membranes in eukaryotic cells?
They are made up of lipid bilayers
What is the function of the nucleolus in eukaryotic cells?
To synthesize ribosomal RNA and assemble ribosomes
What is the characteristic of the cytoskeleton in prokaryotic cells?
It is rudimentary or very basic
What is the main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
The presence of a nucleus
What is the characteristic of Archaea?
They are able to live in hostile environments
What is the origin of the nuclear envelope and internal membrane-enclosed organelles in eukaryotes?
Folding of the archaeal plasma membrane
What is the common feature of mitochondria across different kingdoms of eukaryotes?
Essentially the same in plants, animals, and fungi
What is the primary function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Secretory and membrane protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis
What is the key difference between Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Presence or absence of ribosomes
What is the role of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in muscle cells?
Calcium storage and muscle contraction
What receives proteins and lipids as cargo from the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Golgi Apparatus
What is the primary function of the membranous branches in the Asgard archaeal cell?
To encapsulate other prokaryotic species
How often do the Asgard cells divide in a bioreactor that mimics conditions on the seabed floor?
Once every 20 days
What is the hypothesized origin of mitochondria?
From ancient, symbiotic relationships between bacteria and archaea
What is the likely fate of the aerobic bacterium after being surrounded by the membranous branches of the Asgard archaeon?
It forms a symbiotic relationship with the archaeal cell
What is the origin of the internal membrane that initially encloses the engulfed bacterium?
From the archaeal cell's plasma membrane
What is the ultimate fate of the engulfed bacterium in the evolution of mitochondria?
It evolves into a mitochondrion with its own DNA and surrounding membranes
What is the result of GTP hydrolysis on the protein?
The protein switches to an 'OFF' inactive state
What is the rate of GDP dissociation from the protein?
Slow
What is the function of a kinase enzyme?
To transfer a phosphate group to a protein
What is the effect of phosphorylation on protein function?
It controls protein function
What is the result of GTP binding to the protein?
The protein becomes active
What is the function of nucleotide binding in proteins?
To control protein shape, activity, and function
Understand the basics of cell biology, including the cell theory, unicellular and multicellular organisms, and the central dogma of DNA, RNA, and proteins. Learn how cells are the fundamental units of life and how they function.
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