Introduction to Cells: Cell Theory and Structure

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What is the fundamental unit of life according to the Cell Theory?

Tissue

Organ

Cell (correct)

Molecule

What is the main difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms?

Number of cells

Function of cells (correct)

Shape of cells

Size of cells

What is the self-sustaining system that involves DNA, RNA, and proteins?

Immune system

The central dogma (correct)

Central nervous system

Cell division

Who is credited with the discovery of protozoa?

Leeuwenhoek Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

They have no nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the Cell Theory in 1839?

Schleiden and Schwann Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the mitochondria?

To generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the internal membranes in eukaryotic cells?

They are made up of lipid bilayers Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleolus in eukaryotic cells?

To synthesize ribosomal RNA and assemble ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the cytoskeleton in prokaryotic cells?

It is rudimentary or very basic Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

The presence of a nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Archaea?

They are able to live in hostile environments Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the nuclear envelope and internal membrane-enclosed organelles in eukaryotes?

Folding of the archaeal plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the common feature of mitochondria across different kingdoms of eukaryotes?

Essentially the same in plants, animals, and fungi Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Secretory and membrane protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Presence or absence of ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in muscle cells?

Calcium storage and muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

What receives proteins and lipids as cargo from the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Golgi Apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the membranous branches in the Asgard archaeal cell?

To encapsulate other prokaryotic species Signup and view all the answers

How often do the Asgard cells divide in a bioreactor that mimics conditions on the seabed floor?

Once every 20 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the hypothesized origin of mitochondria?

From ancient, symbiotic relationships between bacteria and archaea Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely fate of the aerobic bacterium after being surrounded by the membranous branches of the Asgard archaeon?

It forms a symbiotic relationship with the archaeal cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the internal membrane that initially encloses the engulfed bacterium?

From the archaeal cell's plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate fate of the engulfed bacterium in the evolution of mitochondria?

It evolves into a mitochondrion with its own DNA and surrounding membranes Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of GTP hydrolysis on the protein?

The protein switches to an 'OFF' inactive state Signup and view all the answers

What is the rate of GDP dissociation from the protein?

Slow Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a kinase enzyme?

To transfer a phosphate group to a protein Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of phosphorylation on protein function?

It controls protein function Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of GTP binding to the protein?

The protein becomes active Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of nucleotide binding in proteins?

To control protein shape, activity, and function Signup and view all the answers