Introduction to Cells and Tissues
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

  • To control the entry and exit of substances into cells (correct)
  • To provide energy for cell processes
  • To act as a storage area for organelles
  • To house the genetic material of the cell

Which type of tissue is responsible for connecting different parts of the body?

  • Connective tissue (correct)
  • Nerve tissue
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Muscle tissue

How are organs related to the body systems?

  • Organs are separate entities without a shared function
  • Organs collectively operate to support inter-related functions (correct)
  • Organs function independently of body systems
  • Organs are collections of tissues that do not interact

What structure surrounds the nucleus in a cell?

<p>Nuclear envelope (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?

<p>DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ribosomes primarily responsible for synthesizing?

<p>Proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where can ribosomes be found within a cell?

<p>In the cytoplasm and on the rough endoplasmic reticulum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>Export of proteins from the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane to expel contents from the cell?

<p>Exocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of epithelial tissue?

<p>Transport and secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What pH do lysosomes typically maintain for enzyme function?

<p>pH 5 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the cytosol?

<p>Watery fluid that houses organelles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is responsible for involuntary movements in the body?

<p>Smooth muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary function of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

<p>To provide structural support to tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microscopy technique would be best for observing the surface of a specimen at high resolution?

<p>Scanning electron microscopy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are tissues classified?

<p>According to size, shape, and function of constituent cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of epithelial tissue relate to its function?

<p>It forms single or multiple layers for protection and absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue type has a high amount of extracellular matrix and comparatively few cells?

<p>Connective tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of nervous tissue?

<p>It forms interconnected networks for communication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes stratified epithelial tissue?

<p>Multiple layers of cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines a function of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

<p>It regulates migration and influences development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of white adipose tissue?

<p>Thermal insulation and energy storage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is brown adipose tissue primarily found?

<p>In the new-born (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue has low cell numbers but high fiber content?

<p>Dense connective tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of fibrous tissue?

<p>Collagen fibers in closely-packed bundles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage is primarily found in intervertebral discs?

<p>Fibrocartilage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nucleolus within the cell?

<p>Synthesis of ribosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is characterized as multinucleated?

<p>Skeletal muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is known for its high degree of recoil?

<p>Elastic tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cell type is embedded within the matrix of cartilage?

<p>Chondrocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary role of microtubules in the cytoskeleton?

<p>Involved in cell movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of mitochondria in cells?

<p>Produce energy through aerobic respiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue contains reticular fibers and is found in lymphatic organs?

<p>Reticular tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>Involved in synthesizing lipids and detoxifying drugs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure in the cell directs the organization of microtubules?

<p>Centrioles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is characterized as anuclear?

<p>Red blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cell extensions are important for what specific function?

<p>Movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle is under involuntary control?

<p>Smooth muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is NOT involved in the nervous system?

<p>Epithelial cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of occluding junctions?

<p>To seal cells together (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of junction is responsible for communicating signals between cells?

<p>Communicating junctions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the cell bodies of neurons typically located?

<p>Central Nervous System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of anchoring junction connects adjacent cells to each other?

<p>Desmosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of junctions are septate junctions primarily associated with?

<p>Invertebrates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glial cells in the nervous system?

<p>Support and protect neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell Types

There are over 100 different types of cells in the human body, each with unique functions.

Tissue Types

Tissues are groups of similar cells working together to perform a common function. There are four main types: connective, epithelial, muscle, and nerve.

Plasma Membrane

The outer layer of a cell, a phospholipid bilayer controlling what enters and exits the cell.

Phospholipid Bilayer

Two layers of phospholipid molecules, forming the structure of the cell's plasma membrane. Hydrophilic heads face outwards, hydrophobic tails inwards.

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Nucleus

The largest organelle in a cell, containing the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controlling cell functions.

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Cell Nucleus

Contains genetic material (chromosomes) and nucleolus (ribosome synthesis).

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Multinucleated cells

Cells that contain more than one nucleus.

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Anuclear cells

Cells without a nucleus.

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Cytoskeleton

Network of protein fibers giving cells shape, support, and movement.

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Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, producing energy via aerobic respiration.

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Rough ER

Endoplasmic Reticulum studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis for export.

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Smooth ER

Synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones; involved in drug detoxification.

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Cell extensions

Plasma membrane projections for movement and other functions.

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Ribosomes

Cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis.

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Protein Synthesis

The process of creating proteins from amino acids, using RNA as a template.

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Golgi Apparatus

Organelle involved in protein packaging and export from the cell.

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Lysosomes

Vesicles containing enzymes for breaking down large molecules within the cell.

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Cytosol

Watery fluid inside the cell that houses organelles.

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Cytoplasm

All contents of a cell, excluding the nucleus.

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Exocytosis

Process of expelling material from the cell.

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Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

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Epithelial Tissue Function

Covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands. Functions include transport, diffusion, and secretion.

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Muscle Tissue Function

Generates movement through contraction. Types include skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

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Nervous Tissue Role

Communicates signals throughout the body, forming interconnected networks between brain/spinal cord and other parts.

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Connective Tissue Role

Provides support, insulation, and protection. Composed of cells and the extracellular matrix.

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Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Non-living material secreted by cells, forming a scaffolding outside cells in tissues.

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ECM Differences

Different tissues have different amounts of ECM. Epithelial has little, while connective has a lot.

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Simple vs. Stratified Epithelium

Epithelial tissue can be a single layer (simple) or multiple layers (stratified), affecting its function.

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ECM Functions

ECM provides a framework, links cells, helps with cell movement/development, and changes cell shape and activity.

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Adipose Tissue

Connective tissue made of fat cells (adipocytes), storing energy and acting as insulation.

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White Adipose Tissue

Most common type; stores energy; insulates; found in 20-25% of healthy adults' BMI.

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Brown Adipose Tissue

Specialized fat tissue found in newborns; generates heat.

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Reticular Tissue

Connective tissue supporting lymphatic organs like lymph nodes.

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Dense Connective Tissue

Connective tissue with lots of fibres, low cells.

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Cartilage

Connective tissue with flexible matrix; supports body parts.

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Bone

Connective tissue with a hard, mineralized matrix, providing structure and support.

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Types of Cartilage (3)

Hyaline (articulating cartilage), Fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs), Elastic fibrocartilage (outer ear).

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Smooth Muscle Control

Smooth muscle is controlled involuntarily by the body.

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Skeletal Muscle Control

Skeletal muscle is controlled voluntarily by the body.

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Neuron function

Neurons initiate, receive, and transmit information within the nervous system.

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Glial cell function

Glial cells support neurons, but do not transmit information.

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Occluding Junctions role

Occluding junctions seal cells together to prevent leakage.

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Anchoring Junctions role

Anchoring junctions mechanically attach cells to each other or the extracellular matrix.

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Communicating Junctions role

Communicating junctions allow signal passage between cells.

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Neuron location

Neuron cell bodies are in the CNS, while axons are in the PNS.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Body Systems

  • Over 100 types of cells group together to perform specific functions.
  • Four main types of tissues:
    • Connective
    • Epithelial
    • Muscle
    • Nerve
  • Tissues work together to perform particular tasks.
  • Organs are linked to perform inter-related functions.
  • Body systems are collections of organs with a shared function.

Cells

  • The plasma membrane is the outer layer of the cell, enclosing the cytosol.
  • It is a phospholipid bilayer, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
  • Sugars and proteins are embedded within the layer.
  • It controls the entry and exit of substances into cells.
  • The nucleus is the largest organelle, surrounded by a nuclear envelope.
  • It contains the cell's genetic material (chromosomes) and a nucleolus (ribosome synthesis).
  • Skeletal muscles are multinucleated.
  • Red blood cells are anuclear (lacking a nucleus).
  • Centrioles are important for cell division.
  • Cell extensions are projections of the plasma membrane, important for movement.
  • Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cells, producing energy through aerobic respiration.
  • They are double-walled with cristae.
  • Abundant in cells with high energy demands (e.g., muscle, liver).

Endoplasmic Reticulum

  • There are two types: smooth and rough.
  • Smooth ER is responsible for producing lipids and steroid hormones, and drug detoxification.
  • Rough ER is studded with ribosomes and responsible for protein synthesis for export from the cell.

Ribosomes

  • Ribosomes are made of RNA and protein.
  • They are crucial for protein synthesis.
  • Cytoplasmic ribosomes produce proteins for use within the cell.
  • RER ribosomes produce proteins for export.

Golgi Apparatus

  • The Golgi apparatus is a stack of membrane-bound sacs (cisternae).
  • It's important for exporting proteins from the cell.
  • Proteins are received from the ER, packaged into vesicles, and stored until needed.
  • Vesicles move to the plasma membrane and fuse with it, expelling contents through exocytosis.
  • It also produces lysosomes.

Lysosomes

  • Spherical vesicles that are pinched off the Golgi apparatus.
  • Contain enzymes for breaking down large molecules (e.g., DNA, RNA, proteins, carbohydrates).
  • Internal acidic pH (pH 5).

Cytosol

  • Cytosol is the watery fluid containing organelles (pH 7).
  • Cytoplasm includes the cytosol and organelles, excluding the nucleus.

Microscopy Techniques

  • Light microscopy (LM)
  • Fluorescence microscopy (FM)
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
  • Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Tissues

  • Tissues are groups of similar cells performing a specific function.
  • Tissues are classified by the size, shape, and function of their cells.

Epithelial Tissue

  • Lines surfaces of body cavities, tubes, and glands.
  • Roles in transport, diffusion, and secretion.
  • Types include: simple squamous, cuboidal, and columnar (simple and stratified epithelium).

Muscle Tissue

  • Generates motile forces through contraction.
  • Types include skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

Nervous Tissue

  • Interconnected networks allowing communication from the brain and spinal cord to other body parts.
  • It consists of neurons (excitable cells) and glial cells (supporting cells).

Connective Tissue

  • Most abundant tissue type in the body.
  • Consists of cells (e.g., fibroblasts, adipocytes) within an extracellular matrix (ECM).
  • Main functions: binding/structural support, protection, transport, and insulation.
  • Types include loose (areolar), adipose, reticular, dense (fibrous and elastic), cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic), and bone (compact and spongy).

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

  • ECM differs between tissues; for example, epithelial tissue has little ECM.
  • ECM has structural functions, regulates cell mobility, influence development and growth, and change cells morphology and function.

Specialized Epithelial Tissues

  • Stratified squamous epithelium, a protective tissue found in the skin, hair, nails.
  • Transitional epithelium found in the urinary tract (mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, vagina).
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium found in the respiratory tract.

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Introduction to Cells, Tissues, Organs and Body Systems PDF

Description

This quiz covers the basics of cells, tissues, organs, and body systems. Learn about the different types of cells and tissues, their functions, and how they work together to form organs and systems in the body. Test your understanding of key concepts in biology related to cellular structure and organization.

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