Introduction to Cell Biology
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Questions and Answers

What did Robert Hooke first observe when he used a microscope in 1667?

  • Living cells in blood
  • Microorganisms in pond water
  • Dead plant cells with thick walls (correct)
  • Cork cells without walls
  • Which principle of Cell Theory indicates that all living organisms are composed of cells?

  • All living organisms are composed of cells. (correct)
  • Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
  • Cells are the simplest units of structure.
  • Cells are the basic unit of life.
  • What is the function of the cell membrane?

  • To allow all substances to pass freely
  • To provide rigid support to the cell
  • To control substances entering or leaving the cell (correct)
  • To store genetic information
  • What is referred to as the 'control center of the cell'?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the composition of the cell membrane according to Singer and Nicolson?

    <p>Fluid mosaic model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes protoplasm?

    <p>The living substance of a cell including cytoplasm and nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the characteristics of cells is true?

    <p>Cells are the simplest units that exhibit characteristics of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of organisms is composed of only one cell?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Digestion of food and protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of peroxisomes in a cell?

    <p>Absorption of nutrients and digestion of alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for conducting photosynthesis in plant cells?

    <p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

    <p>Waste secretion and modification of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes ribosomes from other organelles?

    <p>They lack a membrane covering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main structural function of the cytoskeleton?

    <p>Framework of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the matrix in mitochondria?

    <p>Liquid environment for metabolic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about vacuoles is incorrect?

    <p>They are filled with cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton in a cell?

    <p>To give the cell shape and organize its parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT a locomotive structure of the cell?

    <p>Microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell has linear DNA enclosed within a nucleus?

    <p>Eukaryotic cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes cilia?

    <p>They are numerous hair-like filaments on tissue cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct classification for a cell without membrane-bound organelles?

    <p>Prokaryotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the size of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells are larger than 10 micrometres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of flagellar arrangement involves multiple flagella covering the entire surface of a cell?

    <p>Peritrichous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the terms 'eu' and 'pro' refer to in cell classification?

    <p>'Eu' means true and 'pro' means before</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the nucleolus within the nucleus?

    <p>Site of ribosome production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the cell is responsible for regulating the transport of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm?

    <p>Nuclear pore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) from the smooth ER?

    <p>Rough ER is involved in protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell structure is composed of a double-layer membrane that separates the nucleus's contents from the cytoplasm?

    <p>Nuclear envelope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the cell wall in plants?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is commonly referred to as the 'powerhouse' of the cell?

    <p>Mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of chromatin within the nucleus?

    <p>Condenses into chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the cytoplasm is true?

    <p>Cytoplasm includes all the contents between the cell membrane and the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is absent in animal cells but present in plant cells?

    <p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary differences in the shape of animal and plant cells?

    <p>Animal cells can alter shape, while plant cells generally have a fixed shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a food storage compound in animal cells?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure do both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells share?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically found in plant cells but absent in animal cells?

    <p>Central vacuole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the cell wall?

    <p>Plant cells have a cell wall, while animal cells do not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these organelles is responsible for producing energy in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell typically has a larger size?

    <p>Plant cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Cell Biology

    • Cell biology is the study of cell structure and function, focusing on the concept that the cell is the fundamental unit of life.
    • The term “cell” was first introduced by Robert Hooke in 1667 while examining thin slices of cork with a microscope.
    • Hooke observed "cells" which actually were the walls of dead plant cells.

    Cell Theory

    • There are three main principles of Cell Theory:
      • Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization for all living organisms.
      • All living organisms are composed of cells.
      • Cells arise from pre-existing cells.

    Parts of the Cell

    • Protoplasm is the living matter of the cell.
    • Protoplasm is made up of three main parts:
      • Cell membrane: Also known as the plasma membrane, it surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell and acts as a semi-permeable barrier, controlling the entry and exit of substances.
      • Nucleus: Considered the "control center" of the cell, it controls cell activities like growth, DNA replication, repair, and cell division. It is bound by a double-layered membrane.
      • Cytoplasm: The part of the protoplasm located between the cell membrane and the nucleus, containing the organelles.

    Nucleus

    • Parts of the Nucleus:
      • Nuclear envelope: a double-layered membrane separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
      • Nucleoplasm: the dense material within the nucleus, containing DNA and proteins.
      • Nucleolus: the large structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, responsible for ribosome production.
      • Chromatin: a complex of DNA and proteins called "histones" that form chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
      • Nuclear pore: channels in the nuclear envelope that regulate the transport of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

    Cytoplasm

    • Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance composed of water, dissolved substances, and organelles.

    Organelles

    • Organelles are specialized structures within the cytoplasm that perform specific functions:
      • Cell wall: a rigid organelle providing support, protection, and shape for the cell. Present in plants, fungi, and bacteria.
      • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm, continuous with the nuclear envelope.
        • Rough ER: contains ribosomes attached to its surface, responsible for protein synthesis.
        • Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis.
      • Mitochondrion: considered the "powerhouse" of the cell, responsible for converting oxygen and nutrients into ATP (energy).
      • Vacuole: a space within a cell, lined with a membrane and filled with fluid; functions as a storage tank for food, water, and waste.
      • Lysosomes: organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes enclosed in a membrane, responsible for digestion of food and cellular debris.
        • Involved in cell protection and breakdown of the cell during cell death.
      • Peroxisomes: small organelles containing enzymes involved in nutrient absorption and alcohol digestion.
      • Chloroplast: organelles found in plant cells and some eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis. Contain chlorophyll, which absorbs sunlight and uses it to produce food.
      • Golgi apparatus: a complex of vesicles and folded membranes; function as the "post office" of the cell, packaging and secreting materials.
      • Centrioles: minute cylindrical organelles near the nucleus in animal cells, involved in the development of spindle fibers during cell division.

    Ribosomes

    • Ribosomes are NOT considered organelles because they lack a membrane covering.
    • They are molecular machines found in all living cells, responsible for protein synthesis.
    • Ribosomes can be found in the cytoplasm and on the surface of the rough ER.

    Cytoskeleton

    • The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that provides support, shape, and organization to the cell.
    • It is present in all types of cells and consists of three main components:
      • Microfilaments: thin fibers made of actin protein.
      • Microtubules: thicker fibers made of tubulin protein.
      • Intermediate filaments: fibers made of various proteins.

    Cell Movement

    • Cell motility is essential for many physiological processes, including cell migration, cell regeneration, and tissue development.
    • Three main types of locomotive structures contribute to cell movement:
      • Cilia: hair-like filaments found on the surface of tissue cells, responsible for movement.
      • Flagella: whip-like structures that allow cells to move.
      • Pseudopodia: cytoplasm-filled projections of the cell membrane used for movement.

    Types of Cells

    • There are two main types of cells:
      • Eukaryotic cells: contain a true nucleus bound by a membrane.
      • Prokaryotic cells: lack a true nucleus, with DNA free in the cytoplasm.
      • Both types of cells have ribosomes, a cell membrane, DNA, and a cytoskeleton. Eukaryotic cells may also have a cell wall depending on their type.

    Comparison of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells

    • Eukaryotic Cells:
      • Size: Larger than 10 micrometres.
      • DNA: Linear DNA enclosed within a nuclear envelope.
      • Organelles: With organelles.
      • Cell wall: Made up of cellulose or chitin (plants & fungi).
    • Prokaryotic Cells:
      • Size: Smaller than 10 micrometres.
      • DNA: Circular DNA located in the cytoplasm.
      • Organelles: Without organelles.
      • Cell wall: Made up of peptidoglycan.

    Animal and Plant Cells

    • Both animal and plant cells are eukaryotic:
      • Share features like a cell membrane, Golgi apparatus, cytoplasm, nucleus, DNA, mitochondria, rough ER, smooth ER, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and ribosomes.
    • Differences between animal and plant cells:
      • Size: Plant cells are larger than animal cells.
      • Shape: Plant cells have a fixed rectangular shape, while animal cells are more fluid and lack a defined shape.
      • Cell wall: Plant cells have a cell wall; animal cells lack a cell wall.
      • Vacuole: Plant cells have a large central vacuole; animal cells may have small vacuoles.
      • Chloroplast: Plant cells contain chloroplasts; animal cells do not.
      • Centrioles: Present in animal cells, absent in plant cells.
      • Food storage: Animal cells store glycogen as their primary food source; plant cells store starch.

    Review of Animal Cell

    • Key components:
      • Cell membrane
      • Mitochondrion
      • Lysosomes
      • Golgi Apparatus
      • Vesicles
      • Vacuole
      • Centrioles
      • Nucleus
      • Rough ER
      • Cytoplasm
      • Smooth ER
      • Nuclear envelope
      • Nuclear pore
      • Nucleolus
      • Nucleoplasm

    Review of Plant Cell

    • Key components:
      • Cell Wall
      • Cell membrane
      • Chloroplast
      • Vacuole
      • Lysosomes
      • Mitochondrion
      • Cytoplasm
      • Rough ER
      • Smooth ER
      • Golgi apparatus

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