Introduction to Cell Biology
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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, whereas eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

What are the seven life processes that all living organisms exhibit?

Movement, Reproduction, Sensitivity to Stimuli, Growth, Respiration, Excretion, and Nutrition.

What is the function of the nuclear membrane?

It surrounds the nucleus, has openings that allow material to enter and leave the nucleus, and is made of two layers.

What is the difference between the RER and SER?

<p>RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum) makes proteins, while SER (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum) makes fats and lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

<p>Double membrane-bound organelles with an inner and outer membrane, and a matrix containing enzymes for cellular respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

<p>Active transport occurs against a concentration gradient and requires energy (ATP), while passive transport occurs along a concentration gradient and requires no energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of diffusion?

<p>The process of movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Rosalind Franklin's contribution to the discovery of DNA structure?

<p>She discovered the density of DNA and established that the molecule existed in a helical conformation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cell membrane?

<p>It keeps cell contents together, controls diffusion and active transport of substances in and out of the cell, and is semi-permeable/selectively permeable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleolus?

<p>It contains RNA to build proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Types

  • Prokaryotic cells: no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles (e.g. Bacteria)
  • Eukaryotic cells: has nucleus, has membrane-bound organelles (e.g. Plants, Animals)

Organisms

  • Unicellular organisms: single cell (e.g. Amoeba)
  • Multicellular organisms: multiple cells (e.g. Humans, Plants)

Multiorganism Groups

  • Viruses
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Algae

Seven Life Processes

  • Movement (M)
  • Reproduction (R)
  • Sensitive to Stimuli (S)
  • Growth (G)
  • Respiration (R)
  • Excretion (E)
  • Nutrition (N)

Organelles and Their Functions

Cell Membrane

  • Outer membrane of the cell
  • Double layer
  • Keeps cell contents together
  • Controls diffusion and active transport of substances in and out of the cell (semi-permeable/selectively permeable)

Nuclear Membrane

  • Surrounds the Nucleus
  • Made of two layers
  • Openings allow material to enter and leave the Nucleus

Nucleus and Nucleolus

  • Controls all metabolic activities of the cell
  • Makes proteins
  • Makes ATP
  • Contains all genetic material (DNA for inheritance)
  • Replicates DNA (makes copies, mitosis)
  • Nucleolus contains RNA to build proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum

  • RER makes proteins
  • SER makes fats and lipids
  • Transports lipids and proteins in transport vesicles to the Golgi Body

Mitochondria

  • Site of majority of ATP synthesis (cellular respiration)
  • Muscle cells have the most mitochondria due to high energy requirements
  • Double membrane-bound organelles
  • Inner membrane arranged into cristae to increase surface area and maximize ATP production
  • Has own DNA, inherited from maternal line

Structures of Organelles

Cell Membrane

  • Phospholipid bi-layer
  • Hydrophilic heads (phosphate)
  • Hydrophobic tails (lipids)
  • Transports proteins
  • Fluid mosaic model

Nucleus

  • Surrounded by Nuclear Envelope (membrane)
  • Contains Nucleoplasm
  • Nucleolus (RNA)
  • Chromatin Network (DNA)
  • Nuclear Envelope surrounded by Endoplasmic Reticulum

Mitochondria

  • Inner membrane arranged into cristae
  • Matrix contains enzymes for cellular respiration

Endoplasmic Reticulum

  • System of interconnected membranes
  • ER is the largest organelle in the cell
  • Internal transport of the cell
  • RER has ribosomes attached for protein synthesis
  • Smooth ER synthesizes and stores lipids

Transportation within the Cell

  • Active Transport: against a concentration gradient, needs energy (ATP)
  • Passive Transport: along a concentration gradient, no energy needed

Tonicity

  • Hypertonic: solution contains more dissolved particles (e.g. salt) than water
  • Hypotonic: solution contains less dissolved particles (e.g. salt) than water
  • Isotonic: solution has the same salt concentration and water concentration

Definitions

  • Diffusion: movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
  • Osmosis: movement of water molecules from high concentration to low concentration through a cell's semi-permeable membrane, against/along the concentration gradient
  • Concentration Gradient: difference in concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution or gas between two regions

DNA and Coding

History of DNA Discovery

  • Friedrich Miescher discovered DNA
  • Rosalind Franklin discovered DNA density and helical conformation
  • James Watson and Francis Crick determined DNA double-helix structure in 1953

DNA Structure

  • DNA has a double-helix structure
  • Contains genetic material

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Learn about the basics of cell biology, including cell types, organisms, and life processes. Explore the functions of organelles and cell membranes.

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