Introduction to Cardiovascular Pharmacology
40 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism that determines blood pressure?

  • Both A and B (correct)
  • Cardiac Output
  • Heart Rate
  • Total peripheral resistance

    • Which of the following is a type of cardiovascular disease characterized by elevated blood pressure?

  • Hypertension (correct)
  • Cerebrovascular disease
  • Congenital heart disease
  • Coronary heart disease

    • Which condition results from reduced blood flow to the heart muscle?

  • Heart attack (myocardial infarction) (correct)
  • Peripheral arterial disease
  • Rheumatic heart disease
  • Arrhythmia

    • Which of the following could indicate a primary concern in the management of cardiovascular disorders?

    <p>The molecular mechanism of action of drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is NOT involved in affecting stroke volume?

    <p>Heart Rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of blood pressure regulation, what is total peripheral resistance affected by?

    <p>Blood vessel diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cardiovascular disease involves damage from rheumatic fever?

    <p>Rheumatic heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cardiovascular disease involves abnormalities present at birth?

    <p>Congenital heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does norepinephrine (NE) have on alpha-1 receptors?

    <p>Causes vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary therapeutic use of metoprolol?

    <p>Decreasing heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is cleaved to form angiotensin I by the action of renin?

    <p>Angiotensinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a therapeutic use of beta blockers?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of norepinephrine on beta-1 receptors?

    <p>Increases heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is produced by the action of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) on angiotensin I?

    <p>Angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following effects is produced by beta-1 receptor activation?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physiological trigger for renin release from the kidneys?

    <p>Reduction in blood pressure at the afferent arteriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which thiazide diuretics exert their effect?

    <p>Inhibition of Na+-Cl- symporter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common therapeutic use of loop diuretics?

    <p>Acute pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of alkalosis is associated with thiazide diuretics?

    <p>Metabolic alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of thiazide diuretics on calcium excretion?

    <p>Decreased calcium excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about metabolic adverse effects of thiazides is correct?

    <p>They can lead to hyperuricemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adverse reaction is not commonly associated with loop diuretics?

    <p>Excessive calcium retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical condition is a direct contraindication for the use of thiazide diuretics?

    <p>Severe renal impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potentially serious allergic reaction associated with sulfonamide loop diuretics?

    <p>Exfoliative dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which ACE-inhibitors reduce peripheral resistance?

    <p>They block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thiazide diuretics are a first-line treatment for which of the following conditions?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which suffix is characteristic of ACE-inhibitors?

    <p>-pril</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the renal effects of thiazide diuretics is accurate?

    <p>They decrease the kidney's diluting capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT typically treated with ACE-inhibitors?

    <p>Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do ACE-inhibitors have on bradykinin levels?

    <p>They reduce bradykinin breakdown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of decreased aldosterone secretion due to ACE-inhibitors?

    <p>Decreased sodium and water retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following outcomes is NOT associated with the use of ACE-inhibitors?

    <p>Reflexive increase in heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the onset of action for subcutaneous administration of heparin?

    <p>1-2 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anticoagulant is a direct thrombin inhibitor?

    <p>Bivalirudin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following anticoagulants requires monitoring of aPTT?

    <p>Unfractionated Heparin (UFH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for Apixaban?

    <p>Factor Xa Inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reversal agent is used for Dabigatran?

    <p>Idarucizumab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is NOT treated by the therapeutic use of heparin?

    <p>Chronic hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of atrial fibrillation is mentioned for all NOACs listed?

    <p>Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main pharmacological action of Direct Thrombin Inhibitors?

    <p>Prevent coagulant activity of thrombin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Learning Objectives

    • Understand the molecular mechanisms behind cardiovascular drugs.
    • Learn routes of administration and elimination processes for these drugs.
    • Identify main adverse effects associated with cardiovascular medications.
    • Recognize clinically significant drug interactions.
    • Recall pharmacological profiles of medications for cardiovascular disorders covered in prior studies.

    Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs)

    • CVDs encompass various heart and blood vessel disorders:
      • Coronary heart disease affects vessels supplying the heart.
      • Cerebrovascular disease concerns vessels supplying the brain.
      • Peripheral arterial disease impacts vessels in limbs.
      • Rheumatic heart disease results from streptococcal fever damage to heart structures.
      • Congenital heart disease involves structural malformations present at birth.
      • Myocardial infarction (heart attack) is caused by reduced blood flow to the heart.
      • Arrhythmia indicates abnormal heartbeat patterns.
      • Hypertension is characterized by elevated blood pressure.

    Regulation of Blood Pressure

    • Blood pressure is defined as Cardiac Output (CO) multiplied by Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR).
    • Cardiac Output (CO) comprises Stroke Volume (SV) and Heart Rate (HR).
    • Factors influencing SV include:
      • Contractility
      • Preload
      • Afterload

    Loop Diuretics

    • Therapeutic applications include:
      • Management of acute pulmonary edema and heart failure.
      • Treatment of edema from renal failure or nephrotic syndrome.
      • Diuresis for ascites linked to liver cirrhosis or right-sided heart failure.
      • Control of hypertension and hypercalcemia.

    Thiazide Diuretics

    • Mechanism of action: Inhibit Na+-Cl- symporter, reducing NaCl reabsorption in the early distal convoluted tubule.
    • Renal effects include increased excretion of numerous ions and decreased excretion of calcium.
    • Diuretic efficacy is moderate, with maximum Na+ excretion being 5-10% of filtered load.

    Thiazides: Metabolic Adverse Effects

    • Can cause Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis and may lead to hyperglycemia.
    • Associated with hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, and hypercalcemia.
    • Rare but serious effects include exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and agranulocytosis.
    • Sexual dysfunction seen in up to 30% of patients after long-term use.

    Beta Blockers

    • Metoprolol selectively blocks beta-1 receptors, resulting in decreased heart rate and contractility.
    • Clinically used for hypertension, heart failure, myocardial infarction, angina, and arrhythmias.

    Inhibitors of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

    • Begins with renal renin release triggered by blood pressure reduction, leading to formation of angiotensin I and II.
    • ACE-inhibitors (e.g., Lisinopril, Enalapril) reduce angiotensin II levels, a potent vasoconstrictor, ultimately decreasing afterload and preload.
    • Indicated for hypertension, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction.

    Heparin and Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWH)

    • Administered via IV or SC, with IV onset in minutes.
    • Used for both preventative and therapeutic applications against thromboembolic diseases and unstable angina.

    Novel Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs)

    • Include Apixaban (Factor Xa inhibitor), Dabigatran (direct thrombin inhibitor), Edoxaban (Factor Xa inhibitor), and Rivaroxaban (Factor Xa inhibitor).
    • Used primarily for non-valvular atrial fibrillation and post-acute coronary syndromes.
    • Specific reversal agents available for each NOAC.

    Direct Thrombin Inhibitors

    • Bivalirudin and Argatroban work by binding thrombin's active site, inhibiting its coagulation activity.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Introduction to Cardiovascular Pharmacology PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts in cardiovascular pharmacology, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of various cardiovascular drugs. You'll learn about their routes of administration, adverse effects, drug interactions, and elimination processes. Test your understanding of how these drugs function and their clinical relevance.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser