Cardiovascular Disease Drugs Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which drug has the side effect of nasal stuffiness?

  • Reserpine (correct)
  • Hydralazine
  • Clonidine
  • Prazosin

Which drug works by directly blocking the activity of renin?

  • Clonidine (correct)
  • Nitrates
  • Hydralazine
  • Prazosin

Which of these drugs can potentially cause impotence?

  • Reserpine
  • Clonidine
  • Prazosin
  • Nitrates (correct)

Which of the following drugs are classified as factor Xa inhibitors?

<p>Apixaban (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options are correct regarding Hydralazine? (Select all that apply)

<p>It can cause lupus-like symptoms. (A), It should be taken with food. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for antiplatelet agents?

<p>Reduce platelet aggregation and adhesion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is a direct arterial vasodilator?

<p>Hydralazine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is an oral anticoagulant that specifically inhibits factor Xa?

<p>Rivaroxaban (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect associated with the use of Heparins?

<p>Increased risk of bleeding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug works by binding to and blocking type-1 alpha receptors?

<p>Prazosin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is most likely to be used to prevent blood clots in patients with atrial fibrillation?

<p>Warfarin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a side effect of Alpha-1 receptor blockers?

<p>Nausea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication has the side effect of tachycardia?

<p>Prazosin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor?

<p>Ezetimibe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of statins?

<p>Reduce the production of cholesterol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Angiotensin II in the body?

<p>Constrict blood vessels and increase blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)?

<p>Losartan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main side effect associated with statin use?

<p>Rhabdomyolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended time of day to take statins like lovastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin?

<p>Night (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

<p>Angiotensinogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) on blood pressure?

<p>Increases blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a side effect associated with Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)?

<p>Persistent dry cough (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications can be taken with or without food, except for a specific formulation that should be taken on an empty stomach?

<p>Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications has a mechanism of action that involves blocking the activity of the hormone adrenaline?

<p>Beta-blockers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication class is known to cause angioedema as a side effect?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of diuretics in reducing blood pressure?

<p>Reducing sodium reabsorption by increasing urine output (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a side effect specifically associated with Calcium channel blockers?

<p>Gingival Hyperplasia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication class directly affects the activity of an enzyme responsible for the breakdown of peptides that regulate blood pressure?

<p>Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medication classes is specifically designed to block the conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II?

<p>Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Angiotensin II Role

Causes vasoconstriction, increasing blood pressure.

ACEIs

Inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme to lower blood pressure.

Key side effect of ACEIs

Persistent dry cough from increased bradykinin levels.

ARNIs

Block neprilysin, increasing peptides for sodium excretion and vasodilation.

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Beta-blockers

Block adrenaline effects, reducing heart rate and blood pressure.

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Key side effect of Beta-blockers

Bradycardia, or decreased heart rate.

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Calcium channel blockers

Prevent calcium entry, decreasing blood pressure via vasodilation.

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Diuretics

Increase urine output by reducing sodium reabsorption.

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Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

Medical conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels.

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Blood Pressure Equation

BP = CO x PVR; BP = HR x SV x PVR.

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HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

Statins that lower cholesterol by blocking HMG-CoA reductase enzyme.

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Statins Administration Timing

Best taken at night for effectiveness (e.g., lovastatin).

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Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors

Drugs like Ezetimibe that reduce intestinal cholesterol absorption.

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Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

Medications (e.g., Losartan) that block angiotensin II effects to lower BP.

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Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Hormonal system regulating blood pressure and fluid balance.

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Common Side Effects of Statins

Includes rhabdomyolysis, myopathy, and myalgia.

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Vitamin K antagonist

Blocks enzyme in the liver that uses vitamin K for clotting factors, preventing quick blood clotting.

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Heparins

Medications that inhibit factors necessary for the final stage of clotting by binding to antithrombin III.

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Factor Xa inhibitors

Drugs like rivaroxaban that reversibly block clotting factor Xa, preventing clot formation.

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Antiplatelet agents

Medications like aspirin that reduce platelet aggregation, inhibiting clot formation.

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Dabigatran

An oral factor IIa inhibitor that binds and blocks thrombin to prevent clot formation.

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Alpha-1 receptor blockers

Medications that prevent norepinephrine from tightening blood vessel muscles, leading to vessel relaxation.

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Central alpha-2 agonists

Drugs that decrease sympathetic nervous system activity, lowering blood pressure and heart rate.

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Peripheral adrenergic antagonists

Medications that block norepinephrine release, leading to decreased heart rate and blood pressure.

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Direct arterial vasodilators

Drugs that prevent arterial constriction, leading to vasodilation and reduced blood pressure.

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Side effects of antihypertensives

Common adverse reactions include dizziness, headache, and orthostatic hypotension.

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Drug interactions with antihypertensives

Many antihypertensives should not be taken with alcohol.

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Study Notes

Cardiovascular Disease Drugs

  • Cardiovascular disease (CVD) involves conditions affecting the heart or blood vessels
  • Medications used to treat CVD include various types, targeting different aspects of the disease

Blood Pressure Regulation

  • Blood pressure (BP) is calculated as Cardiac Output (CO) multiplied by Peripheral Vascular Resistance (PVR)
  • CO is calculated as Heart Rate (HR) multiplied by Stroke Volume (SV)
  • BP is also equivalent to HR x SV x PVR

Drug Classes and Mechanisms of Action

  • HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (Statins): Reduce cholesterol production by blocking the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase
  • Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors: Inhibit cholesterol absorption in the small intestine, lowering hepatic cholesterol storage
  • Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs): Block angiotensin II receptors, preventing vasoconstriction and reducing blood pressure
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs): Inhibit ACE, reducing angiotensin II formation and blood pressure
  • Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitors (ARNIs): Block both angiotensin II and neprilysin, improving blood pressure regulation
  • Beta-blockers: Block the activity of adrenaline, lowering heart rate and blood pressure
  • Calcium channel blockers: Prevent calcium entry into muscle cells, causing vasodilation and lowering blood pressure
  • Diuretics: Increase urine output, reducing fluid volume and blood pressure
  • Nitrates: Widening blood vessels, reducing blood pressure
  • Alpha-1 receptor blockers: Block alpha-1 receptors, preventing norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction
  • Central alpha-2 agonists: Act on alpha-2 receptors in the sympathetic nervous system, decreasing sympathetic activity and lowering blood pressure
  • Peripheral adrenergic antagonists: Interact with adrenergic receptors, blocking norepinephrine release and reducing blood pressure
  • Direct arterial vasodilators: Relax smooth muscles in arteries, improving blood flow and lowering blood pressure
  • Anticoagulants: Prevent blood clot formation by targeting various stages of the clotting cascade
  • Antiplatelet agents: Reduce platelet aggregation, preventing clot formation

Administration and Side Effects

  • Drug administration times and food interactions can vary depending on the specific medication
  • Common side effects include dizziness, headache, nausea, bleeding, and fatigue. Specific side effects may vary considerably in severity and frequency based on the drug.

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