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Questions and Answers
Deoxyribose, a carbohydrate, deviates from the general carbohydrate formula $C_n(H_2O)_n$ because it:
Deoxyribose, a carbohydrate, deviates from the general carbohydrate formula $C_n(H_2O)_n$ because it:
- Contains nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur.
- Functions as a physiological anticoagulant.
- Does not have hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio. (correct)
- Is a structural component of brain cells.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of carbohydrates in the human body?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of carbohydrates in the human body?
- They are the primary structural component, constituting the majority of body mass.
- They are involved in the synthesis of antibodies and hormones.
- They are a major source of energy and serve as stored energy. (correct)
- They primarily serve as a source of genetic information.
How do carbohydrates contribute to protein sparing in the body?
How do carbohydrates contribute to protein sparing in the body?
- By directly synthesizing essential amino acids.
- By being a component of nucleic acids.
- By decreasing the need for proteins to be used for energy. (correct)
- By reducing the breakdown of fatty acids and preventing ketosis.
In what way do carbohydrates participate in biological recognition processes?
In what way do carbohydrates participate in biological recognition processes?
What is the primary function of heparan, a carbohydrate derivative, in the body?
What is the primary function of heparan, a carbohydrate derivative, in the body?
In the context of intravenous feeding, what role do carbohydrates play?
In the context of intravenous feeding, what role do carbohydrates play?
How are carbohydrates utilized in the preparation of sugar-coated tablets?
How are carbohydrates utilized in the preparation of sugar-coated tablets?
Which property of certain carbohydrates makes them useful as laxatives?
Which property of certain carbohydrates makes them useful as laxatives?
In what pharmaceutical application is agar, a carbohydrate, primarily used?
In what pharmaceutical application is agar, a carbohydrate, primarily used?
How do carbohydrates function as disintegrants in tablets?
How do carbohydrates function as disintegrants in tablets?
Flashcards
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Chemically defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones.
Importance of Carbohydrates
Importance of Carbohydrates
Major source of energy (4.1 Cal/g); stored as glycogen; roles in protein sparing action.
Medicinal Functions of Carbohydrates
Medicinal Functions of Carbohydrates
Flavoring agents, dietary fiber, biological recognition, brain cell components, and nucleic acid components.
Other medicinal functions of carbohydrates
Other medicinal functions of carbohydrates
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Medicinal Function of Carbohydrates cont.
Medicinal Function of Carbohydrates cont.
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Importance of Carbohydrates in Pharmacy
Importance of Carbohydrates in Pharmacy
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Study Notes
- Carbohydrates are chemically defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones.
- The name carbohydrate, signifying hydrates of carbon, comes from the first studied compounds, like glucose, with the empirical formula C1H2O1, showing a 2:1 hydrogen-oxygen ratio.
- Carbohydrates contain hydrogen and oxygen, but not always in the same proportion as water, such as deoxyribose with the molecular formula C5H10O4.
- General formula for hydrates of carbon is Cn(H2O)n
- Carbohydrates are the most abundant bio-molecules on earth, but only constitute 1% of human body mass.
Importance of Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are a major source of energy providing 4.1 Cal/g.
- They serve as stored energy in the form of glycogen in the liver and muscles.
- Some carbohydrates contain nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), or sulfur (S) and play a role in protein sparing action.
- Carbohydrates reduce the breakdown of fatty acids and prevent ketosis, a condition with raised ketone body levels associated with abnormal fat metabolism and diabetes mellitus.
Medicinal Functions of Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates act as flavoring and sweetening agents.
- They are a part of dietary fiber, like cellulose.
- Carbohydrates are involved in biological recognition processes of immunoglobulin, a class of proteins in the serum and immune cells.
- They are important components of brain cells, such as neuraminic acids, cerebrosides (Glycolipids), and gangliosides.
- They are important components of nucleic acids as pentose sugars, including ribose and deoxyribose.
- Heparan is a physiological anticoagulant playing a medicinal role.
- Used as plasma expanders, agents that increase plasma volume via osmotic pressure to treat hemorrhage or shock (e.g., Dextrin).
- Carbohydrates given via parenteral nutrition, supplies nutrients intravenously.
- Starches function as binders in tablets.
- Carbohydrates act as disintegrators in tablets.
- Act as diagnostic markers aiding disease diagnosis through genetic variants and protein levels in body fluids.
Carbohydrates in Pharmacy
- Used in preparation of simple syrups using sucrose.
- Act as diluents and binders in tablets (using lactose, starch, gums) and for coating sugar-coated tablets (using liquid glucose).
- Help in infant food preparation, like starch and dextrin.
- Used in sterile IV solutions, using dextrose.
- Help in anti-diarrhea drugs (pectin)
- Carbohydrates act as laxatives (mucilage, lactulose), antacids (surfactants), or diuretic drugs (mannitol and sorbitol).
- Carbohydrates act as emulsifying agents (gums).
- They act as nutrient media for bacteria and tissue cultures, using agar.
- Used in surgical dressings (cellulose) and plasters (gums).
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