Introduction to Carbohydrates
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Questions and Answers

What is the basic empirical formula for carbohydrates?

  • Cm(H2O)n (correct)
  • C2H2O2
  • CnH4O2
  • Cm(H2O)m

Which type of carbohydrate cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller carbohydrates?

  • Monosaccharides (correct)
  • Polysaccharides
  • Oligosaccharides
  • Disaccharides

Which of the following is a common characteristic of monosaccharides?

  • They contain multiple sugar units.
  • They are insoluble in water.
  • They cannot form larger carbohydrates.
  • They are colorless, crystalline solids. (correct)

What distinguishes aldoses from ketoses?

<p>Aldoses contain an aldehyde group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of carbohydrate with two sugar units?

<p>Disaccharides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following carbohydrates is known as a simple sugar?

<p>Glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a classification of carbohydrates?

<p>Rosins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary functional group found in aldoses?

<p>Aldehyde group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of heparin in the body?

<p>Acts as a natural anticoagulant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which carbohydrate is essential for providing cushioning in joints?

<p>Keratan sulfate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT mentioned as a part of the carbohydrate classification?

<p>Proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the functions of carbohydrates mentioned in the content?

<p>Promoting growth and development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of carbohydrates are cellulose and starch classified as?

<p>Polysaccharides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which GAG contains N-acetylgalactosamine as its amino sugar component?

<p>Chondroitin sulfate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of linkage connects the units in peptidoglycan?

<p>Beta-1,4-glycosidic linkage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which polysaccharide is primarily responsible for mechanical stability in organisms?

<p>Chitin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a storage polysaccharide?

<p>Cellulose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which GAG is specifically mentioned as being part of synovial fluid?

<p>Hyaluronic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of agarose in marine algae?

<p>Structural support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino sugar is found in keratan sulfate?

<p>N-acetylglucosamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of peptidoglycan in bacterial cells?

<p>Strength of the cell wall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of bond is formed when the OH group on carbon-1 of glucose is above the ring plane?

<p>Beta bond (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disaccharide is composed of one D-galactose molecule and one D-glucose molecule?

<p>Lactose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reducing sugar?

<p>Maltose (B), Cellobiose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the systematic name for sucrose?

<p>O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-D-fructofuranoside (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disaccharide does not have a free hemiacetal unit?

<p>Sucrose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is maltose linked together at the molecular level?

<p>Alpha-1,4 linkage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most abundant disaccharide?

<p>Sucrose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of linkage is present in the disaccharide cellobiose?

<p>Beta-1,4 linkage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of monosaccharides based on the number of carbon atoms?

<p>Trioses, Tetroses, Pentoses, Hexoses, Heptoses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sugars is considered an aldohexose?

<p>Galactose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In ring form, how does the hydroxyl group orientation at the anomeric carbon define the configuration of glucose?

<p>Alpha (α) position if below carbon number 1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What bond is formed between two monosaccharide units during the dehydration reaction?

<p>Covalent bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about glucose is correct?

<p>It serves as an important energy source in humans and plants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal function of ribose in living organisms?

<p>Structural element of nucleic acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes glucose, galactose, and fructose despite having the same chemical formula C6H12O6?

<p>Their arrangement of functional groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of combining the hydroxyl group of one monosaccharide with the hydrogen of another?

<p>Release of a molecule of water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which oligosaccharide is specifically an energy source for insects?

<p>Trehalose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond links monosaccharides in oligosaccharides?

<p>Glycosidic bond (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do N-Linked oligosaccharides attach to proteins in eukaryotes?

<p>Endoplasmic reticulum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural formula for a trisaccharide?

<p>Cn(H2O)n-2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which cellular structure does O-Linked oligosaccharide attachment primarily occur?

<p>Golgi apparatus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function of glycoproteins is NOT mentioned in the content?

<p>Energy storage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about oligosaccharides is FALSE?

<p>All oligosaccharides are soluble in water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do lectins specifically bind to?

<p>Oligosaccharides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Carbohydrates

Biomolecules containing a carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone) and multiple hydroxyl groups, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Monosaccharides

The simplest carbohydrates; single sugar units that cannot be broken down into smaller sugars.

Simple Sugars

A simpler name for Monosaccharides. They are colorless, crystalline solids soluble in water and insoluble in oil.

Aldoses

Monosaccharides with an aldehyde functional group in the structure.

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Ketoses

Monosaccharides containing a ketone functional group.

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Empirical Formula of Monosaccharides

The general formula is Cn(H2O)n or CnH2nOn denoting the molecular composition of monosaccharides.

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Glucose

A common, abundant, and important type of monosaccharide.

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Classification of Carbohydrates

Based on polymerization degree, carbohydrates are categorized into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.

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Glycosidic Bond

A covalent bond that connects two sugar molecules (monosaccharides) together, forming a disaccharide.

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Alpha (α) Glycosidic Bond

A type of glycosidic bond where the OH group on carbon-1 of the first glucose molecule is below the ring plane.

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Beta (β) Glycosidic Bond

A type of glycosidic bond where the OH group on carbon-1 of the first glucose molecule is above the ring plane.

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Disaccharide

A sugar molecule formed by the joining of two monosaccharides through a glycosidic bond.

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Reducing Sugar

A disaccharide with a free hemiacetal group, capable of reducing other compounds (like copper ions).

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Non-reducing Sugar

A disaccharide lacking a free hemiacetal group, unable to act as a reducing agent.

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What are monosaccharides?

Simple sugars that are the basic building blocks of carbohydrates. They cannot be broken down into smaller sugars.

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What is a glycosidic bond?

A covalent bond that links two monosaccharides together to form a disaccharide or a larger carbohydrate.

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What are aldohexoses?

Monosaccharides with six carbons and an aldehyde group.

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How do glucose, galactose, and fructose differ?

They all have the same chemical formula (C6H12O6), but they differ in the arrangement of their functional groups around asymmetric carbons, leading to different structural and chemical properties.

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What are the two forms of glucose?

Glucose can exist as a linear chain or a ring-shaped molecule. In the ring form, the hydroxyl group on carbon-1 can be above or below the plane, leading to alpha (α) and beta (β) forms.

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Why is glucose important?

Glucose is a primary energy source for humans and plants. Plants synthesize glucose using photosynthesis, and humans and herbivores obtain it from plants or break down carbohydrates into glucose.

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What about fructose?

Fructose is a monosaccharide found in fruits, honey, and some vegetables. It's known as fruit sugar.

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What is lactose?

A disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose, found in milk.

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Oligosaccharide

A carbohydrate made of 3 to 10 monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.

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Glycolipid

A carbohydrate attached to a lipid, formed by a glycosidic bond.

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Glycoprotein

A carbohydrate attached to a protein, formed by a glycosidic bond.

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N-Linked Oligosaccharide

An oligosaccharide linked to asparagine via a beta glycosidic bond.

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O-Linked Oligosaccharide

An oligosaccharide linked to serine or threonine via a glycosidic bond to the hydroxyl group.

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Functions of Glycoproteins

Involved in key functions like antigenicity, solubility, resistance to proteases, and act as cell-surface receptors, cell-adhesion molecules, immunoglobulins, and tumor antigens.

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Functions of Glycolipids

Important for cell recognition and modulating membrane proteins that act as receptors.

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What are some common examples of carbohydrates in living organisms?

Common carbohydrates found in living organisms include glucose, fructose, cellulose, starch, glycoproteins, and chitin. These serve various functions like energy storage, structural support, and cell signaling.

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What makes carbohydrates important in development?

Carbohydrates are involved in various developmental processes, including tumor metastasis, angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels), and blood coagulation.

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GAGs

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, unbranched polysaccharide chains composed of repeating disaccharide units. These disaccharides typically consist of an acidic sugar (like glucuronic acid) and an amino sugar (like glucosamine or galactosamine).

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Hyaluronic acid

A type of GAG found in connective tissues, cartilage, and synovial fluid. It's known for its ability to hold water, contributing to tissue hydration and lubrication.

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Chondroitin sulfate

A GAG primarily found in cartilage, providing structural support and cushioning for joints.

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Heparan sulfate

A GAG involved in regulating cell signaling, blood clotting, and wound healing.

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Heparin

A highly sulfated GAG with anticoagulant properties, preventing blood clots.

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Dermatan sulfate

A GAG found in skin, tendons, and blood vessels, contributing to their flexibility and strength.

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Keratan sulfate

A GAG found in cornea, cartilage, and bone, providing structure and rigidity.

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Peptidoglycan

A complex polymer composed of alternating units of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM), linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. It forms a strong mesh-like structure in bacterial cell walls.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrates are essential for all living things (plants, animals, microbes)
  • Found in various foods (fruits, grains, vegetables, milk, honey)
  • Were the last of the four macromolecules (proteins, fats, nucleic acids) to be studied in detail

What are Carbohydrates?

  • Biomolecules containing a carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone) and several hydroxyl groups
  • Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms
  • Typically have a 2:1 H:O ratio (like water)
  • Represented by the empirical formula Cm(H₂O)n or (CH₂O)n
  • Some, like uronic acids, don't perfectly fit this formula
  • Others, such as formaldehyde and acetic acid, have similar groups but aren't classified as carbohydrates

Classification of Carbohydrates

  • Monosaccharides: Simple sugars; cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller carbohydrates
    • Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose
  • Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides joined together
    • Examples: sucrose, lactose, maltose
  • Oligosaccharides: 3-10 monosaccharides joined together
    • Examples: raffinose, stachyose:
  • Polysaccharides: Many monosaccharides joined together
    • Examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose

Monosaccharides

  • Building blocks of disaccharides and polysaccharides

  • Colorless, crystalline solids, soluble in water, insoluble in nonpolar solvents

  • General formula: Cn(H₂O)n or CnH₂nOn (e.g., n = 3 is the smallest)

  • Aldoses (aldehyde group) and ketoses (ketone group)

  • Most common: glucose (aldohexose)

  • Number of carbons determines the classification (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose, heptose, etc.)

  • Glucose, galactose, and fructose have the same chemical formula (C₆H₁₂O₆) but differ structurally, due to different arrangements of functional groups around their asymmetric carbon atoms

Structure of Monosaccharides

  • Exist as linear chains or ring forms, often in equilibrium
  • Ring form: hydroxyl group on carbon-1 (anomeric carbon) can be above (beta) or below (alpha) the plane.

Functions of Monosaccharides

  • Glucose: Important energy source for humans and plants
  • Ribose: Structural element of nucleic acids and coenzymes
  • Fructose: Adds sweetness to fruits and honey

Disaccharides

  • Formed via dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction)

  • Two monosaccharides linked by a covalent glycosidic bond

  • Glycosidic bond can be alpha or beta

    • Examples:
      • Sucrose: glucose + fructose
      • Lactose: galactose + glucose
      • Maltose: glucose + glucose

Oligosaccharides

  • Varying numbers of simple sugars
  • Can act as important recognition units attached to proteins or lipids.

Functions of Oligosaccharides

  • Components of glycoproteins and glycolipids (surface molecules on cells) involved in cell-cell recognition, signaling, and other important functions

Polysaccharides

  • Polymers composed of repeating monosaccharide units
  • Classified as homopolysaccharides (one type of monomer) or heteropolysaccharides (two or more types of monomers)
    • Examples of homopolysaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
    • Examples of heteropolysaccharides: glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), peptidoglycans
  • Functions of polysaccharides:
    • Storage: Starch (plants), glycogen (animals), storage
    • Structural: Cellulose (plants), chitin (exoskeletons)

Functions of Polysaccharides

  • Structural: Provide support to tissues and cells (e.g., cellulose)
  • Storage: Store energy for later use (e.g., glycogen, starch)
  • Other roles: Part of other molecules, such as glycoproteins and glycolipids.

Additional Notes

  • Carbohydrates are essential for energy, structure, and several other roles in living organisms.
  • Variations in their structure and linkages influence their properties.

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Carbohydrates - Classification, Structure and Function PDF

Description

This quiz covers the fundamental aspects of carbohydrates, exploring their importance in living organisms, classification, and structure. Learn about monosaccharides, disaccharides, and the general properties that define these essential biomolecules. Perfect for biology students looking to deepen their understanding of carbohydrates!

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