Introduction to C# and .NET 6
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of type members as defined by the CTS?

  • Type members can only be instance members.
  • Type members are exclusively static and cannot be instance-based.
  • Type members must have a public visibility trait.
  • Type members can include constructors, methods, and events. (correct)

Which statement accurately describes the intrinsic support for multicasting?

  • Multicasting is a feature exclusive to instance methods.
  • Multicasting refers to forwarding requests to multiple recipients. (correct)
  • Multicasting allows methods to be invoked synchronously.
  • Multicasting is restricted to static method invocations only.

Which type of member visibility is NOT defined by the CTS?

  • Public
  • Private
  • Protected
  • Exposed (correct)

What distinguishes an abstract member from a virtual member in the CTS?

<p>Only abstract members are associated with polymorphism. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the fundamental data types defined by the CTS?

<p>All fundamental data types resolve to the same CTS type in an assembly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a sealed class indicate?

<p>It cannot act as a base class for other classes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What keyword is used in C# to define an interface?

<p>interface (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about abstract classes is true?

<p>They are used to define common behaviors for derived types. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the visibility keyword in a class control?

<p>If the class can be used by external assemblies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about interfaces in C#?

<p>They can have default implementations since C# 8. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of polymorphism in interface-based programming?

<p>To enable interface referencing to access class functionality. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines a concrete class?

<p>It can be instantiated directly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the .NET command-line interface (CLI)?

<p>To develop, package, and manage .NET applications. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a structure in C#?

<p>A user-defined value type. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long will Long-Term Support (LTS) releases of .NET be supported after their initial release?

<p>Three years after the initial release. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to LTS versions before they reach their end-of-life?

<p>They are changed to the designation of maintenance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the support duration for Short-Term Support releases, referred to as Current releases?

<p>Supported for six months after the next Current or LTS release. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether a later .NET release is better supported than an earlier version?

<p>The type of release (LTS vs Current). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did .NET 6 achieve its Long-Term Support release status?

<p>November 2021. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When will .NET 5 officially go out of support?

<p>May 8, 2022. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about having a higher version number in .NET?

<p>It guarantees long-term support. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Common Language Specification (CLS)?

<p>To ensure uniform accessibility of features by all languages targeting the .NET platform (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding CLS Rule 1?

<p>It applies only to the parts of a type exposed outside the defining assembly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of a type must conform to the CLS rules?

<p>Member definitions such as naming conventions and return types (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes the example public ulong Add(ulong addend1, ulong addend2) not CLS compliant?

<p>The use of unsigned data as parameters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario demonstrates a CLS compliant method?

<p>A method that uses unsigned data internally (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of .NET languages is specifically ensured by conforming to the CLS?

<p>Uniform code accessibility across languages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do CLS rules affect compiler builders?

<p>They must ensure their compilers adhere to CLS for compatibility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the features that a CLS-compliant method must have?

<p>It must maintain consistent naming conventions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of metadata is generated for the Add() method in the Calc class?

<p>Type Metadata (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aspects utilize .NET metadata?

<p>IntelliSense feature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What information does the assembly manifest include?

<p>External assemblies required (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which flag indicates that the Add() method is accessible from outside the class?

<p>[Public] (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the ReturnType I4 indicate about the Add() method?

<p>It returns an integer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is responsible for generating the assembly's manifest?

<p>The compiler (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many arguments does the Add() method take?

<p>Two (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of .NET metadata?

<p>To support reflection and late binding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of using the CLSCompliant attribute in C#?

<p>It instructs the compiler to check for compliance with CLS rules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the .NET Runtime?

<p>It provides a collection of services needed to execute compiled code. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the CLS differ from other programming standards that developers might encounter?

<p>It provides a universal standard for all .NET languages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do enumerations in .NET represent, according to CLS specifications?

<p>A base type used for storage internally. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might an intimate understanding of the CTS and CLS specifications be less critical for most .NET developers?

<p>Only tool and compiler builders typically need this knowledge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of namespaces in .NET?

<p>To organize types within the base class libraries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about C# and CLS compliance is true?

<p>Certain C# constructs are not CLS compliant. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the .NET Runtime from other runtime systems, such as Java's JVM?

<p>The .NET Runtime provides a single, well-defined layer for all .NET languages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

CTS Type Member

A building block of a .NET type like constructors, methods, properties, etc.

Visibility of a Type Member

Controls the accessibility of a type member (e.g., public, private, protected)

Abstract Member

A member that must be implemented by derived types (subclasses)

Virtual Member

A member that can be overridden in derived classes

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Static Member

Belongs to the class itself, not an instance of the class

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Metadata

Information about data, like the type, size, and access control for a program element. Allows .NET to understand code structure without having to read the source.

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TypeDef

A metadata record that describes a type in a .NET assembly. It contains information like name, flags (public, private), base class, and methods.

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Method #

A metadata record representing a method within a class. It outlines the method name, flags, return type, arguments, and parameters.

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Flags

Metadata attributes attached to a .NET element, like a method or type, that specify how the element should be accessed and used. They are essential for proper code execution and security.

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Return Type

The data type that a .NET method will return back to the caller. It determines the kind of data that the method can produce.

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Arguments

Values passed into a .NET method to be used in the execution of the method's logic.

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Parameters

Variables within a .NET method that hold the values passed in as arguments. Arguments are like labels, and parameters are the actual containers.

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Assembly Manifest

Metadata file within a .NET assembly that provides information about the assembly itself, including dependencies, version, copyright, and other essential details.

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Sealed Class

A class that cannot be used as a base class for other classes. This means you can't inherit from it.

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Interface

A collection of abstract methods that a class can choose to implement. It defines a contract for how an object should behave.

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Abstract Class

A class that cannot be instantiated directly. It serves as a blueprint for other classes to inherit from.

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Concrete Class

A class that can be instantiated directly. It provides a real implementation of the defined methods.

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Visibility Keyword

A keyword that controls whether a class can be accessed from other assemblies or only within the defining assembly.

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CTS Interface Types

Named collections of abstract method declarations and/or optional default implementations that classes can implement.

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Default Implementation (Interfaces)

Optional code provided within an interface that can be inherited by implementing classes.

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CTS Structure Types

User-defined types (UDTs) similar to structures in C++, but with different behavior in .NET.

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.NET Support Model

A system that defines how long different versions of .NET will be supported by Microsoft.

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Long-Term Support (LTS)

Major .NET releases with extended support, receiving critical bug fixes throughout their lifespan. They are supported for at least three years after release or one year after the next LTS release, whichever is longer.

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Short-Term Support (Current)

Interval releases between LTS versions, offering shorter support timelines. They are supported for six months after a subsequent Current or LTS release.

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.NET 6

A Long-Term Support release, providing extended support until at least November 2024.

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.NET 5

A Short-Term Support release that went out of support on May 8, 2022, six months after.NET 6's release.

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.NET Core 3.1

A Short-Term Support release that went out of support on December 3, 2022.

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Support Lifecycle

The period of time for which a software version will be supported by the developers. This includes bug fixes, security updates, and sometimes new features.

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Check Support Policy

It's crucial to verify the support policy for each new .NET release. Higher numbers don't necessarily mean longer support periods.

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CLS (Common Language Specification)

A set of rules that define the minimal functionality required for a .NET language compiler to produce code that can be used by the .NET runtime and accessed by other languages.

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CLS Compliance

A .NET language compiler that meets the CLS rules can produce code that can be used across different .NET languages.

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CLS Rule 1

CLS rules only apply to parts of a type that are exposed outside the assembly where the type is defined.

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CLS Rules and Internal Logic

A type's internal implementation can use features not compliant with the CLS. Only the publicly accessible members need to adhere to the rules.

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Unsigned Data and CLS Compliance

Using unsigned data types (e.g., ulong) in publicly exposed methods violates CLS compliance.

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CLS Compliance Example

A method that uses unsigned data internally but returns signed data (e.g., int) remains CLS compliant.

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CLS Impact on Developers

Developers need to be aware of the CLS rules to ensure compatibility between different .NET languages.

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CLS Role in .NET Ecosystem

The CLS facilitates interoperability and code sharing across different .NET languages, allowing developers to build robust and reusable software.

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CTS

The foundation of the .NET platform, defining how types are declared, managed, and interacted with. This ensures all .NET languages share a common type system.

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Runtime

A set of services required to execute a compiled program. It manages memory, handles errors, and provides support functions needed for code to run.

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Namespace

A container used to organize types (like classes, interfaces, enums) within a project. It helps avoid naming conflicts and provides a hierarchical structure for managing code.

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Assembly

A physical unit of deployment in .NET, containing code compiled from one or more source files. It's a self-contained package that can be easily deployed and shared.

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What is the purpose of the CLSCompliant attribute?

The [CLSCompliant] attribute instructs the C# compiler to check if the code adheres to the CLS rules. If violations are found, a compiler warning is generated, indicating potential compatibility issues with other .NET languages.

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Study Notes

Introduction to C# and .NET 6

  • C# and .NET were introduced in 2002 and are common in modern software development
  • The .NET platform enables multiple programming languages (C#, VB.NET, F#) to work together
  • A C# program can be used by VB.NET programs
  • .NET Core, introduced in 2016, is not limited to Windows; it runs on iOS, Linux and macOS
  • .NET 5 removed the “Core” from the name
  • C# 10 and .NET 6 were released in November 2021
  • C# 10 is tied to .NET 6 and later versions

.NET Platform Benefits

  • Supports multiple programming languages (C#, F#, VB.NET)
  • Uses a common runtime engine understood by all .NET languages
  • Allows integration across different languages in terms of inheritance, exceptions and debugging
  • A comprehensive base class library for diverse application types (desktop, web, database)
  • Simplified deployment model
  • Extensive command-line tool support

.NET Support Lifecycle

  • .NET releases are more frequent than previous .NET framework versions
  • Long-Term Support (LTS) releases are supported for a longer duration
  • Current releases (interval between LTS release) receive support for 6 months after subsequent LTS/current release
  • Supported until specified end-of-life dates; each release has its own support policy reviewed by Microsoft

Building Blocks of .NET Platform

  • .NET Runtime (.NET runtime provides a set of minimal implementations tied to a given platform (Windows, iOS, Linux)
  • Common Type System (CTS): defines the set of data types and constructions supported by runtime
  • Common Language Specification (CLS): defines the set of supported types and programming constructs within the CTS that will work with different .NET languages.

Role of Base Class Libraries (BCL)

  • The .NET platform incorporates BCL, accessible to all .NET languages
  • Provides numerous pre-built functionalities (threads, I/O, graphics)
  • Supports various software applications from simple to enterprise level

Role of .NET Standard

  • A specification for defining the availability of .NET API and base libraries
  • Defines a uniform set of BCL API across .NET implementations
  • Enables portable libraries
  • Reduced conditional compilation due to .NET APIs
  • .NET standard 2.0 is not supported for .NET Framework

C# Features

  • C# syntax is conceptually similar to Java's but with enhancements from other languages like VB and C++
  • Features like overloading operators, structures, enumerations, and delegates
  • Supported constructs from functional programming languages including Lambda expressions and LINQ
  • Automatic memory management through garbage collection

CIL (Common Intermediate Language)

  • CIL code avoids platform-specific instructions
  • It runs based on a platform-agnostic format
  • A .NET assembly contains a manifest, CIL instructions and metadata
  • Runtime environment compiles CIL code into platform-specific instructions as needed
  • .NET binaries avoid having platform-specific instructions

Role of the Common Type System

  • The CTS defines how types are defined to be supported by the runtime.
  • Types are classes, interfaces, structures and enumerations.
  • The .NET Runtime uses CTS to check that the types from the types and programming constructs from the language, meet the runtime requirements.

Understanding the Common Language Specification (CLS)

  • CLS specifications detail the rules that a .NET compiler must meet for proper functionality and maintain cross language compatibility.
  • Rules pertain to type behavior if they are exposed outside the defining assembly.
  • Allows for more features and flexibility and ensures cross-language compatibility
  • The CLR uses the CLS to ensure compatibility between different languages.

.NET Runtime

  • Provides services for executing compiled code.
  • Provides a shared runtime layer for various .NET languages and platforms
  • The runtime and the CTS ensure that .NET code operates consistently regardless of the underlying operating system.

Namespaces

  • A namespace groups types with similar functionality
  • Common namespaces like System contain fundamental .NET types and functionalities.

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