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Introduction to Biotechnology
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Introduction to Biotechnology

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of White Biotechnology?

  • Genetic engineering of plants
  • Production of chemicals/materials from renewable resources (correct)
  • Marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology
  • Medical and pharmaceutical biotechnology

    • What are the products of biotechnology that are genetically modified?

  • Pharmaceutical and medicinal products
  • Agricultural products (correct)
  • Industrial raw materials
  • Bio-hazard weapons

    • What is the term for the production of chemicals/materials from renewable resources in biotechnology?

  • Cloning
  • Genetic engineering
  • Bio-catalysis (correct)
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

    • What is the application of biotechnology that involves the genetic engineering of plants?

    <p>Green Biotechnology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the area of biotechnology that involves marine and aquatic applications?

    <p>Blue Biotechnology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the technique used in biotechnology that involves the cutting and joining of DNA molecules?

    <p>Cutting and joining of DNA molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Red Biotechnology?

    <p>Medical and pharmaceutical biotechnology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the products that are produced through the application of biotechnology?

    <p>Bioproducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the technique used in biotechnology that involves the amplification of DNA sequences?

    <p>Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Grey biotechnology?

    <p>conservation and restoration of contaminated natural ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of Bioremediation?

    <p>restoration of contaminated natural ecosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Gold biotechnology?

    <p>obtaining, storing, analyzing and separating biological information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of Modern Biotechnology?

    <p>manipulating genetic information in organisms through genetic engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology?

    <p>developing new pharmaceuticals through recombinant DNA technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of Microbial Biotechnology?

    <p>fermentation to promote food production and medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Forensic Biotechnology?

    <p>investigating crimes and identification of individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of biotechnology products are geared toward cancer therapy?

    <p>more than one-third</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many biotechnology products were developed by pharmaceutical companies in the last decade?

    <p>more than 359</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ancient practice has been used to preserve food?

    <p>Salting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with pioneering a food preservation method involving heat?

    <p>Pasteur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of biotechnology in terms of waste management?

    <p>Better biodegradable properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential long-term consequence of biotechnology on croplands?

    <p>Permanent ruination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>To introduce new combinations of heritable genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drawback of biotechnology?

    <p>Genetic bottleneck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential weaponization of biotechnology?

    <p>Diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a concern related to biotechnology and human health?

    <p>Tinkering with genetics to treat disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of how biotechnology has helped with disease?

    <p>Creating vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of enzyme is responsible for removing nucleotides from the end of DNA?

    <p>Exonuclease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential social consequence of unregulated biotechnology?

    <p>Creation of a societal class for research purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of biotechnology's all-or-nothing approach?

    <p>An entire crop or medical treatment opportunity could go to waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a long-term unknown of biotechnology related to the environment?

    <p>What happens to the environment if we alter crops to grow in new locations?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ligases in recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>Joining DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of biotechnology in terms of protecting vulnerable populations?

    <p>Giving vulnerable populations a chance to live a happy, fulfilling life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential environmental consequence of biotechnology?

    <p>Reduced soil fertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of enzyme is responsible for cutting DNA at specific positions?

    <p>Endonuclease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of biotechnology on food production?

    <p>Increased vitamins and minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the DNA molecule that carries a foreign DNA fragment into a host organism?

    <p>Cloning vector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of restriction endonuclease requires ATP to cut DNA and cuts about 1000bp away from its restriction site?

    <p>Type I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of terminal transferase in recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>To convert blunt ends of DNA fragments into sticky ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme isolated from E. coli infected with a lytic Bacteriophage T4?

    <p>DNA ligase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the DNA fragment being transferred into another organism?

    <p>Passenger DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is used to synthesize complementary strand (cDNA) from mRNA template?

    <p>Reverse transcriptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of restriction endonuclease that does not require ATP to cut DNA and cuts at the restriction site itself?

    <p>Type II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of DNA ligase in recombinant DNA technology?

    <p>To join DNA fragments with cloning vectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of reverse transcriptase?

    <p>Retrovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Biotechnology

    • Biotechnology involves the use of biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products for specific use
    • Products of biotechnology range from agricultural products (genetically modified foods), pharmaceutical and medicinal products (vaccines and monoclonal antibodies), industrial raw materials (synthetic raw materials), and military products (bio-hazard weapons)

    Areas of Biotechnology

    • White Biotechnology: Industrial Biotechnology, primarily bio-catalysis and the production of chemicals/materials from renewable resources, as well as (hazardous) waste treatment
    • Red Biotechnology: Medical and pharmaceutical biotechnology
    • Green Biotechnology: Agricultural biotechnology, primarily genetic engineering of plants
    • Blue Biotechnology: Marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, e.g. fish farming and algae cultivation
    • Grey Biotechnology: Conservation and restoration of contaminated natural ecosystems
    • Gold Biotechnology: Also known as bioinformatics; responsible for obtaining, storing, analyzing, and separating biological information, especially that related to DNA and amino acid sequences

    Timeline of Biotechnology

    • Ancient Biotechnology: Early history as related to food and shelter, includes domestication
    • Classical Biotechnology: Built on ancient biotechnology; fermentation promoted food production and medicine
    • Modern Biotechnology: Manipulates genetic information in organisms, genetic engineering

    Types and Applications of Biotechnology

    • Microbial Biotechnology
    • Agricultural Biotechnology
    • Animal Biotechnology
    • Forensic Biotechnology
    • Bioremediation
    • Aquatic Biotechnology
    • Medical Biotechnology
    • Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

    Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

    • Biopharmaceutical drugs generated through researches in cell biology, genetics, and recombinant DNA technology
    • Recombinant DNA (rDNA) and monoclonal antibody (mAb) provide exciting opportunities for new pharmaceuticals development as well as new approaches to drug delivery

    Advantages of Biotechnology

    • Allows us to create waste products with better biodegradable properties
    • Helps us minimize or eliminate waste products
    • Enables us to manage landfills more effectively
    • Reduces infectious disease rates
    • Helps us create vaccines and treatments that reduce difficult symptoms of disease

    Cons of Biotechnology

    • Creates an all-or-nothing approach
    • Lack of genetic diversity due to processes that increase crop yields and improve medical science
    • Field of research with many unknowns
    • Can ruin croplands and reduce their viability
    • Can be used for destruction, e.g., weaponizing crops and diseases

    Basic Tools and Techniques Used in Biotechnology

    • Recombinant DNA Technology (RDT, Genetic Engineering)
    • Enzymes: cleaving enzymes, synthesizing enzymes, joining enzymes, alkaline phosphatases
    • Vector or Vehicle DNA: plasmids, bacteriophage DNA, cosmid, phagemid/phasmid, artificial chromosome vectors
    • Passenger DNA: complementary DNA- cDNA, Synthetic DNA- sDNA, random DNA

    Enzymes Used in Recombinant DNA Technology

    • DNA ligase: joins DNA fragments with cloning vector
    • Reverse transcriptase: synthesizes complementary strand (cDNA) from mRNA template
    • Restriction endonuclease: recognizes and cuts DNA strand at specific sequence called restriction site
    • Terminal transferase: converts blunt end of DNA fragments into sticky end
    • DNA polymerase: synthesizes new DNA strand

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    Description

    This course covers the basics of biotechnology, including techniques such as DNA cutting and joining, cloning, and PCR. It also introduces bioinformatics and explores biotechnology applications in agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and industry.

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