Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a main function of transgenic animals in biotechnology?
What is a main function of transgenic animals in biotechnology?
What does a gene knockout allow researchers to study?
What does a gene knockout allow researchers to study?
Which historical event stimulated research into natural oil-degrading organisms?
Which historical event stimulated research into natural oil-degrading organisms?
Aquatic biotechnology involves which of the following practices?
Aquatic biotechnology involves which of the following practices?
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Which of these is not a type of biotechnology mentioned in the content?
Which of these is not a type of biotechnology mentioned in the content?
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What is bioprospecting in the context of aquatic biotechnology?
What is bioprospecting in the context of aquatic biotechnology?
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What is a primary benefit of creating transgenic salmon that overproduce Growth Hormone?
What is a primary benefit of creating transgenic salmon that overproduce Growth Hormone?
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What is the primary focus of forensic toxicologists?
What is the primary focus of forensic toxicologists?
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How has the Human Genome Project contributed to medical biotechnology?
How has the Human Genome Project contributed to medical biotechnology?
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What is a potential benefit of creating transgenic salmon that overproduce growth hormone?
What is a potential benefit of creating transgenic salmon that overproduce growth hormone?
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Forensic entomologists can use insects to accomplish which of the following?
Forensic entomologists can use insects to accomplish which of the following?
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What role does microbial biotechnology primarily serve?
What role does microbial biotechnology primarily serve?
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What current application does stem cell therapy have?
What current application does stem cell therapy have?
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Which of the following statements about stem cell therapy is true?
Which of the following statements about stem cell therapy is true?
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Which of the following best describes DNA fingerprinting?
Which of the following best describes DNA fingerprinting?
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In forensic biotechnology, what significance do the bands on a gel represent?
In forensic biotechnology, what significance do the bands on a gel represent?
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What is DNA profiling primarily used for?
What is DNA profiling primarily used for?
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What technique involves analyzing bloodstains to reconstruct crime scenes?
What technique involves analyzing bloodstains to reconstruct crime scenes?
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Which of the following applications does forensic biotechnology NOT specifically address?
Which of the following applications does forensic biotechnology NOT specifically address?
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What can forensic fingerprint analysis determine?
What can forensic fingerprint analysis determine?
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What role does forensic toxicology play in criminal investigations?
What role does forensic toxicology play in criminal investigations?
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Which group is responsible for the activity in a human cell as studied in medical biotechnology?
Which group is responsible for the activity in a human cell as studied in medical biotechnology?
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Which scenario illustrates the use of forensic entomology?
Which scenario illustrates the use of forensic entomology?
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Which of these is NOT a use of DNA fingerprinting?
Which of these is NOT a use of DNA fingerprinting?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Biotechnology
- The lecture is part of a Spring 2024-2025 semester.
- The lecturer is Dr. Mohamed Salah Basiouny.
- The course is Introduction to Biotechnology.
Types of Biotechnology
- Microbial Biotechnology
- Agricultural Biotechnology
- Animal Biotechnology
- Forensic Biotechnology
- Bioremediation
- Aquatic Biotechnology
- Medical Biotechnology
- Regulatory Biotechnology
Animal Biotechnology
- Transgenic animals produce therapeutic proteins for human use.
- Female transgenic animals express these proteins in milk (genes from another source).
- Example: Human insulin genes can be introduced into female goats.
Gene Knockout
- Disrupts a gene in an animal to observe affected functions.
- Determines the gene's role and function.
- Rats and mice are similar to humans, allowing for better understanding of gene function in humans.
Bioremediation
- Uses biotechnology to process and degrade natural and man-made substances contributing to pollution.
- Examples include oil spills (1989 Exxon Valdez in Alaska; 2010 Deepwater Horizon).
Aquatic Biotechnology
- Aquaculture: Raising finfish or shellfish for food; 50% of global fish consumption.
- Genetic engineering: Salmon vaccines; Transgenic salmon with overproduced growth hormone.
Bioprospecting
- Locates valuable resources for genes, proteins, and metabolic processes with applications for humans.
- Marine plankton and snails are rich sources of antitumor and anticancer molecules.
Aquatic Biotechnology - Further Points
- Why create transgenic salmon with overproduced growth hormone? (faster growth, reduced time to market)
- How does this modified salmon help humans? (decreased time, reduced cost)
Medical Biotechnology
- Involved in the broad spectrum of human medicine.
- Includes preventive medicine, health diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases.
- New information from the Human Genome Project: Gene therapy, Stem cell technologies.
Stem Cells
- Grown in labs and treated with chemicals to develop into specialized tissues (needed for transplants).
- Current use: Treating diabetes and spinal cord injuries.
Medical Biotechnology - Further Points
- Replace neurons damaged by spinal cord injury, stroke, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, or other neurological problems.
- Produce insulin for diabetes treatment, and repair heart muscle damage(using stem cells).
- Most of these diseases are tested in animal models. They are not yet used in clinics.
Embryonic Stem Cells
- Differentiation into many cell types, including liver, skin, red/white blood, neurons, and muscle cells.
- Transplantation replaces damaged or defective tissues.
Medical Biotechnology - Genes as Headline News
- New tests use mothers' blood for checking fetal defects.
- Genetic switch to put hair on the chest, indicating biological changes in embryos (differentiation between boys and girls).
- Finding genes related to obesity and skin cancer, as well as those underlying muscle disorders.
Human Genome Project - Proteome
- Research focuses on the function of human genes and factors regulating gene activity in a human cell.
Forensic Biotechnology
- Analyzing biological evidence from crime scenes to identify criminals.
- DNA Profiling/Fingerprinting: Identifies individuals based on their unique DNA sequences (used for murders, rapes, and robberies).
- Bloodstain pattern analysis: Reconstructs crime scenes through bloodstain patterns to determine event order and suspect location.
- Forensic toxicology: Studies drug and poison effects on the body to investigate drug-related deaths and impairment at the time of the crime.
- *Forensic Entomology: Studies insects and their use in forensic investigations to estimate time of death, location of crime scene, or whether a body has been moved.
Additional information
- Fingerprint analysis: A method to identify individuals based on unique fingerprint patterns. A reliable and one of the oldest forensic techniques.
- DNA Fingerprinting: Used in identifying a person from suspicion, paternity cases, identifying human remains, endangered species, determining disease spread.
Forensic Bio-technology - Further Information
- Matching (Gel) results can verify suspect involvement in the crime, based on DNA match to victim blood.
- Light bands on sample from jeans match with victim's blood, despite low visibility, showing evidence of match.
- Comparison of DNA samples from crime scene to suspects (to determine the presence of a suspect) and also for paternal testing (from a mother and a child's profiles with possible fathers to determine the biological father)
Tools of Forensic Biotechnology
- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
- Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) analysis
- Mitochondrial DNA analysis
- Y chromosome markers analysis
- Alu repeats analysis
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of biotechnology, including various types such as microbial, agricultural, and medical biotechnology. Key applications such as gene knockout techniques and bioremediation are also explored. Engage with this quiz to test your knowledge on how biotechnology impacts diverse fields like healthcare and the environment.
