Introduction to Biology

Two main types: Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

Electrons pass through the specimen to produce a thin, flat view of its structures.

Electrons bounce off a coated specimen's surface to create a surface view.

Basic unit of structure and function in living organisms, a minute mass of protoplasm.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP

Energy currency of the cell.

Use sunlight to create glucose (food) for the plant cell.

Convert glucose to ATP, the cell's energy source.

Organisms are grouped based on cell type (prokaryotic or eukaryotic), number of cells (unicellular or multicellular), and mode of nutrition.

Cells where the genetic material (DNA) is not enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus.

Cells where the genetic material (DNA) is enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus.

A tool used to enlarge images of small objects too small to be seen with the human eye.

A type of microscope used in biology classes to study small things.

Organisms sharing similar shapes or features are grouped together, often suggesting common ancestry.

Organisms of the same species possess the same number of chromosomes.

Similar functions in different species, often due to related evolutionary history, suggest shared ancestry.

The chemical bonds linking phosphate groups in ATP store energy. Breaking these bonds releases energy for cellular processes.

ATP powers various cellular activities like molecule synthesis, active transport, muscle contraction, and organelle movement.

The initial stage of cellular respiration where glucose is broken down into pyruvate, yielding a small amount of ATP.

Cellular respiration that requires oxygen, producing significantly more ATP than anaerobic respiration.

A cycle in aerobic respiration occurring in the mitochondria, where pyruvate is further broken down, generating ATP, electron carriers, and carbon dioxide.

The final stage of aerobic respiration, where electron carriers deliver electrons to produce the majority of ATP.

Cellular respiration that occurs without oxygen, less efficient than aerobic respiration, producing only a small amount of ATP.

A process in anaerobic respiration that regenerates NAD+ needed for glycolysis to continue.

The process where cells break down glucose to release energy (ATP) by using oxygen.

Opposite processes: Photosynthesis uses sunlight to create glucose and oxygen; Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to release energy.

Roots absorb water and minerals, anchor the plant, store food, and produce plant growth regulators.

A single, main root with lateral branches (e.g., mustard plant).

A network of thin roots arising from the base of the stem (e.g., wheat plant).

Roots arising from parts of the plant other than the radicle (e.g., grass, banyan tree).

Specialized roots for different functions, such as storing food (carrots), providing support (banyan tree), or breathing in swamps.

The chemical reaction that describes how plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose (sugar) and oxygen.

Higher light intensity generally increases the rate of photosynthesis, but only up to a certain point.

Increasing CO2 levels can boost photosynthesis, but only up to a certain point.

Photosynthesis has an optimal temperature range; rates decrease at very low or high temperatures.

Water is essential for photosynthesis; lack of water can reduce the rate of photosynthesis.

The process of combining genetic material from two parents (male and female gametes) to create offspring.

The flower in angiosperms (flowering plants) serves as the reproductive organ.

The dominant stage in the life cycle of flowering plants, where the plant produces spores.

A type of fermentation where pyruvate is converted to lactate (lactic acid), often happening in muscles during intense exercise.

A type of fermentation where pyruvate is converted to ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide, used by yeast and some bacteria.

The process by which plants and some organisms use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose (sugar) and oxygen.

Organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll, allowing them to capture light energy for photosynthesis.

Organelles in both plant and animal cells that break down glucose to release energy (ATP).