Introduction to Biology

Study Notes

Biology is the scientific study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.
It encompasses a wide range of disciplines, from molecular biology to ecology.
Central concepts include cells, genetics, evolution, and ecology.
It's a multi-faceted field with ongoing research and discoveries.

Cells: The fundamental unit of life. All living things are composed of cells, which carry out essential life processes.
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Genetics: The study of heredity and variation in organisms. It examines how traits are passed from one generation to the next through genes.
- DNA is the molecule that carries genetic information.
- Genes are segments of DNA that code for specific proteins.
- Mutations can lead to changes in genes and traits.
Evolution: The process by which populations of organisms change over time.
- Natural selection is a key mechanism of evolution, where organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
- Common ancestry links all life forms on Earth.
Ecology: The study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.
- Ecosystems consist of biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components.
- Energy flows through ecosystems through food webs.
- Organisms interact with their environment in various ways, such as competition, predation, and symbiosis.

Molecular Biology: Studies the structure and function of molecules within cells. This includes DNA, RNA, proteins, enzymes, and other biological molecules.
Genetics: Focuses on the inheritance of traits and the mechanisms of heredity.
Cell Biology: Investigates the structure, function, and interactions of cells.
Developmental Biology: Explores the processes by which organisms grow and develop from fertilized eggs.
Evolutionary Biology: Examines the processes and patterns of evolution in living organisms.
Physiology: Studies the functions of living organisms, organs, and systems.
Biochemistry: Investigates the chemical processes that occur within living organisms.
Ecology: Focuses on interactions between organisms and their environment, and the relationships between components of ecosystems.
Botany: The study of plants.
Zoology: The study of animals.
Microbiology: The study of microorganisms.
Biotechnology: Applies biological knowledge and techniques to solve practical problems.

Biology relies heavily on the scientific method for investigation.
The scientific method involves steps like observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, data analysis, and conclusion.
It's an iterative process used to test hypotheses and develop scientific understanding.

Many biological studies raise ethical concerns, particularly in areas involving human subjects or animal experimentation.
Research ethics guidelines address potential harm and ensure responsible practices.
Informed consent, safety measures, and minimizing harm are crucial.