Introduction to Biological Psychology

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the ventral roots of the spinal cord?

Controlling reflex actions

Receiving sensory input

Transmitting motor impulses (correct)

Transmitting sensory impulses

Which area of the brain is primarily linked to speech production?

Wernicke’s Area

Occipital Lobe

Temporal Lobe

Broca's Area (correct)

What did Camillo Golgi discover about the neuron?

It can conduct signals biochemically.

It has three distinct features. (correct)

It integrates all neural impulses.

It consists of multiple synapses.

What is another name for Physiological/Biological Psychology?

Behavioral Neuroscience Signup and view all the answers

What term did Charles Scott Sherrington coin?

Synapse Signup and view all the answers

Which individual is credited with introducing a comprehensive theory about how the brain controls complex psychological functions?

Donald Hebb Signup and view all the answers

Which discovery is attributed to Otto Loewi's research?

Chemical communication between neurons Signup and view all the answers

What historical figure believed that the mind resided in the heart?

Aristotle Signup and view all the answers

What did Paul Broca's studies primarily focus on?

The effects of brain damage on speech production. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was identified as an auditory comprehension center?

Wernicke’s Area Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the contributions to the rise of Biopsychology as a discipline observed in modern times?

The development of the electroencephalogram (EEG) Signup and view all the answers

What major division is NOT included in the six major divisions of Biopsychology?

Cognitive Biopsychology Signup and view all the answers

What unique electrical signal did Julius Bernstein discover?

Action potential Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher believed strongly in the theory that the brain is the locus of the mind?

Hippocrates Signup and view all the answers

Which term did Knight Dunlap use to explain the role of biology in behavior?

Psychobiology Signup and view all the answers

What hypothesis did Erasistratos propose regarding human intelligence?

Intelligence is reflected by the number of brain convolutions. Signup and view all the answers

In which year did William James publish 'The Principles of Psychology'?

1890 Signup and view all the answers

What was Galen's view on the brain's functions?

It controls movement and is associated with sensation and thought. Signup and view all the answers

What significant contribution did Avicenna make to biological psychology?

He linked emotions to biological ailments. Signup and view all the answers

How did Andreas Vesalius challenge the Galenic view of anatomy?

Through the dissection of human cadavers revealing specific anatomical details. Signup and view all the answers

What did René Descartes propose regarding reflexive behavior?

It is an unconscious reaction to external stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What discovery did Jean-Cesar Legallois make regarding the medulla?

Destruction of medulla tissue ceases respiration immediately. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following temperaments was NOT part of Galen's Four Humours?

Nervous Signup and view all the answers

During which period did the study of the brain begin to flourish significantly?

Renaissance Signup and view all the answers

What significant contribution to neurobiology was made by Young in 1936?

Located a neuron in a squid Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is NOT considered a brain imaging method?

Behavioral Experimentation Signup and view all the answers

What best describes physiological psychology?

Study of neural mechanisms through animal manipulation Signup and view all the answers

What ethical consideration is mentioned regarding animal research?

Approval from a committee on animal research Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common consequence of long-term use of OxyContin?

Loss of appetite Signup and view all the answers

What case exemplifies neuropsychology?

Steve Wozniak's rehabilitation after a TBI Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the specialization of psychopharmacology?

It is regarded as a separate discipline in biopsychology. Signup and view all the answers

What unethical practice was reported about Edward Taub's experiments?

Forced recovery methods involving electric shocks Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of cognitive neuroscience?

The neural mechanisms of human cognition Signup and view all the answers

What does Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution imply in the context of psychology?

Genetic mutation leads to the psychological adaptation of species. Signup and view all the answers

What is one key advantage of using human subjects in biopsychological research?

Humans are capable of complex cognitive functions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the independent variable in an experiment?

The condition that differs between groups Signup and view all the answers

What must be controlled to classify a study as a true experiment?

Confounding variables need to be managed Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of quasiexperimental studies?

They study groups exposed to conditions in the real world. Signup and view all the answers

What is the comparative approach in biopsychology primarily used for?

To investigate similarities and differences across species Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using nonhuman subjects in research?

Greater evolutionary continuity with human brains Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning Objectives

Define Physiological/Biological Psychology, also known as Biopsychology.
Explore the history and development of Biopsychology as a discipline over time.
Identify six key divisions of Biopsychology.
Understand the applications of Biopsychology in research.

Physiological/Biological Psychology Overview

Scientific field examining the biology of behavior.
Intersects psychology and physiological processes focusing on the mind-body relationship.

History of Biopsychology

William James (1890): Advocated for grounding psychology in biology.
Knight Dunlap: Coined “psychobiology” to highlight biology's role in behavior.
Donald Hebb (1949): Proposed a theory for the brain's control of complex psychological functions.
Case studies like Phineas Gage and advancements like EEG and CT scans propelled Biopsychology's recognition.

Early Views of Brain and Behavior

Aristotle: Believed the mind resided in the heart.
Plato and Ancient Cultures: Associated reasoning with the heart and emotions with the liver.
Hippocrates: Asserted that the brain is the locus of the mind.

Developments in Ancient Alexandria

Established human dissection practices leading to advances in understanding brain structures.
Herophilos: Distinguished between cerebellum and cerebrum.
Erasistratos: Linked brain convolutions to intelligence.
Galen (130-200 A.D.): Identified the brain as responsible for sensation and movement.

Middle Ages to Renaissance Contributions

Avicenna (980-1037 C.E.): Acknowledged emotions' impact on health in his medical writings.
Andreas Vesalius: Challenged Galenic anatomy through cadaver dissections.
René Descartes: Introduced the reflexive theory explaining behavior through reflexes and stimuli.

Discoveries of the 19th Century

Advancements in brain function localization:
- Jean-Cesar Legallois: Investigated respiration through brain lesions.
- Charles Belle & Francois Magendie: Differentiated spinal cord nerve functions.
- Franz Joseph Gall & Johann Spurzheim: Developed phrenology linking skull shape to personality.
- Paul Broca (1861): Identified Broca's Area critical for speech production.
- Carl Wernicke (1874): Proposed Wernicke's Area for auditory comprehension.
Camillo Golgi: Defined the neuron’s structure using his staining technique.

20th Century Discoveries

Charles Scott Sherrington: Coined "synapse" for neuron connection points.
Otto Loewi: Discovered chemical transmission between neurons, leading to neurotransmitter research.
Julius Bernstein: Defined action potential as an axonal electrical signal.
Brain imaging techniques (EEG, CT Scan, MRI) advanced understanding of brain-behavior links.

Major Divisions of Biopsychology

Physiological Psychology: Studies neural mechanisms through nonhuman animal experiments under ethical guidelines.
Psychopharmacology: Examines how drugs affect the brain and behavior, with cases like OxyContin highlighting public health concerns.
Neuropsychology: Analyzes effects of brain damage, exemplified by Steve Wozniak’s recovery from TBI.
Cognitive Neuroscience: Investigates neural bases for human cognition, utilizing brain imaging technologies.
Comparative Psychology: Studies behavior evolution through comparisons across species, grounded in Darwin's theory of evolution.

Biopsychology and Research

Human subjects offer insights due to the evolutionary continuity of brain structures.
Nonhuman subjects allow for simpler brain-behavior studies, comparative approaches, and ethical research on controversial topics.

Research Methodologies

Experiments: Investigate causation using independent (manipulated) and dependent (measured) variables, employing between-subjects and within-subjects designs.
Nonexperiments: Quasiexperimental studies look at real-world groups without controlling confounding variables, providing observational insights.

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of Physiological/Biological Psychology in this insightful quiz. Discover the history, major divisions, and applications of this fascinating discipline. Perfect for students looking to deepen their understanding of biopsychology.