Introduction to Biochemistry

The study of chemical processes related to living organisms, governing life and its complexity.

Large biological molecules including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.

Large molecules with diverse functions: enzymes, transport, structure, regulation, and immunity.

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Linear sequence of amino acids.

Local folding patterns like alpha-helices and beta-sheets.

Overall 3D structure of a single protein molecule.

Polymers of nucleotides that store and transmit genetic information (DNA & RNA).

Organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, used for energy and structure.

Simple sugars that can't be broken down further (e.g., glucose, fructose).

Polymers of monosaccharides; includes starch, cellulose, and glycogen.

Hydrophobic molecules including fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids.

Glycerol + three fatty acids; used for energy storage.

Biological catalysts lowering activation energy in reactions.

The specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds.

The set of chemical processes maintaining life; includes catabolism and anabolism.

Breakdown of complex molecules releasing energy.

Conversion of extracellular signals into intracellular responses.