Introduction to Behaviour Change
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Questions and Answers

What is a main reason habits can be hard to change?

  • They result from automated cognitive processes (correct)
  • They never stem from experience
  • They are formed in unstable contexts
  • They are based on elaborate reasoning

    • Environmental self-identity and biospheric values are fundamentally the same.

    False

    What do dual-process models of persuasion, like the ELM, address?

    How people process persuasive information through different cognitive systems.

    People often conform to avoid feeling __________.

    <p>conspicuous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms related to social influence with their definitions:

    <p>Conformity = Changing perceptions or behavior to match group norms Compliance = Changing behavior in response to requests Obedience = Changing behavior in response to authority commands Social influence = Effects of real and imagined pressures from others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can influence sustainable behavior?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Extrinsic motivation always leads to environmentally friendly actions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential barrier to sustainable behavior as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Lack of awareness or environmental self-identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivates people to join groups because of enjoyment?

    <p>Liking the Task or Activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People join groups solely for individual benefits.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason people may stay in a friend group?

    <p>Positive feelings toward other members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Groups are seen as instrumental for fulfilling individual needs such as ______.

    <p>belonging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which modern theory has shifted the focus toward understanding groups beyond individual interests?

    <p>Social Identity Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to modern views, what is prioritized over self-interest in group membership?

    <p>Group success or cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the motivations for group membership with their examples:

    <p>Liking the Task or Activity = Joining a hiking club Liking the People = Staying in a friend group Satisfying Personal Needs = Joining a study group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Group cohesion can only emerge if members like each other and the activity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are potential benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)?

    <p>Attracting talent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CSR practices are solely focused on increasing company profits.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does transparency in marketing entail?

    <p>Being open and straightforward about marketing actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To promote ethical consumption, companies can improve consumer ______.

    <p>eco-literacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the CSR components with their definitions:

    <p>Transparency = Openness about marketing actions Responsibility = Awareness of the outcomes of actions Trustworthiness = Truthful conveyance of information Integrity = Doing the right thing consistently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way companies can demonstrate responsibility?

    <p>By being prepared to handle faulty products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Government legislation is unrelated to CSR practices.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of CSR in marketing?

    <p>To benefit society as a whole rather than just for company profit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neuromarketing tools helps identify individual psychological mechanisms related to pro-environmental behavior?

    <p>Investigating behavior change interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relational reasoning involves connecting unrelated pieces of information without finding a common thread.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of message-priming techniques in marketing sustainability?

    <p>To emphasize the importance of environmental consciousness and strengthen the connection between sustainability attitudes and behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ is the philosophical study of morality, concerning what is right or wrong.

    <p>Ethics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following aspects of neuromarketing with their descriptions:

    <p>Behavior change interventions = Strategies to alter consumer attitudes Environmental priming = Promoting awareness of sustainability Relational reasoning = Connecting disparate pieces of information Evaluation of interventions = Assessing effectiveness outside of lab settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT influence consumers' attitudes in sustainability?

    <p>Brand loyalty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reducing psychological imbalance can lead to an increased preference for sustainable products.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What logical process does relational reasoning enable?

    <p>A deductive syllogistic process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reason for product failure related to consumer behavior?

    <p>Consumers do not always respond to innovative products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neuromarketing focuses solely on emotional triggers in advertising.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does fMRI stand for?

    <p>Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inability of consumers to understand a new product can place it in __________.

    <p>product limbo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following product-related terms with their definitions:

    <p>Cognition = Basic and complex mental processes involving perception, memory, and problem solving Target Audience = Specific group of consumers aimed at by marketing efforts Product Limbo = A state where a new product lacks consumer recognition Customer Satisfaction = The degree to which a product meets consumer expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a role of marketing in product understanding?

    <p>Improving product manufacturing techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of ingroup members according to the findings?

    <p>They are seen as more trustworthy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    People generally develop ingroup favoritism only after extensive experience with a group.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    FMRI can measure cognitive phenomena such as memory and engagement.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components investigated by neuromarketing?

    <p>Psychological response and brain activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for groups formed based on arbitrary criteria?

    <p>Minimal Groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human brain instinctively categorizes people into _____, even without significant context.

    <p>groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Ingroup favoritism = Preferential treatment toward the group one belongs to Outgroup = Individuals not perceived as part of one's own group Group bias = Tendency to view one's own group as superior Social Identity Theory = Framework explaining how group membership influences self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is understanding group dynamics important?

    <p>It can help address bias and foster cooperation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The minimal group paradigm suggests that prejudice can arise from significant differences between groups.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences our perceptions and judgments about individuals?

    <p>Group Membership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Behaviour Change

    • Behaviour is often explained by intentions and attitudes.
    • Antecedents (motivation) of behaviour include attitudes, subjective norms, and behavioural control.
    • Attitude: A feeling/opinion about something, often automatic and quick.
    • Subjective norm: Influence from one's social environment.
    • Behavioural control: Perceived and actual behavioral control.
    • Perceived behavioral control (PBC): measures the perceived efficacy of a behaviour.
    • Actual behavioral control (ABC): the real obstacles that hinder the execution of a behaviour.
    • Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB): a descriptive theory that identifies factors predicting behaviours, but not how they occur.
    • Assumes behaviours are deliberate (ignores habits).
    • Does not include factors like biases, resistance, and motivation.

    Antecedents of Behaviour

    • Attitudes: The degree to which a person has a favourable or unfavourable evaluation of a behaviour; considers outcomes of performing the behaviour.
    • Behavioural intention: Motivation influencing a behaviour; a stronger intention increases behaviour likelihood.
    • Subjective norms: Beliefs about whether most people approve or disapprove of a behaviour; considers the perception of peers' opinions.
    • Social norms: Customary codes of behaviour in a group; considered standard within a group or culture.
    • Perceived power: Perception of factors facilitating or impeding behaviour performance.
    • Perceived behavioural control: a person's perception of the ease or difficulty of performing a behaviour; varies depending on situation and action; later addition to the Theory of Reasoned Action and created the Theory of Planned Behavior.

    Biases

    • Primacy effect: Information presented earlier is remembered more than later information.
    • Confirmation bias: Seeking information that confirms existing beliefs.
    • Belief perseverance: Maintaining a belief despite discrediting evidence.
    • Single action bias: Performing one particular sustainable action reducing risk perception
    • Moral licensing: Considering oneself to be more moral as a result of already performing a good act; justifies not doing another good act.
    • Confirmatory dissonance theory: People are motivated to reduce psychological tension caused by conflicting thoughts.
    • Vicious cycle: Forming expectations about a person that eventually causes them to behave in a way that confirms those expectations.
    • Dual process model of persuasion: Elaboration-likelihood model and Heuristic systemtic model; Central/systematic route and periphal/heuristic route.
    • Central route= considering pros and cons, periphal= feeling based route.

    Individual Level (Attitudes)

    • Individual tendencies: varying levels of strength and speed of attitudes.

    Social Level

    • Social influence: The ways people are affected by real or imagined pressures of others; includes conformity, compliance, and obedience.
    • Conformity: Changing perceptions, opinions, or behaviors in line with group norms.
    • Social Identity Theory: People categorize themselves and others to belong to an ingroup and are favorably biased toward the ingroup.
    • Ingroup identification: Aligning attitudes and behaviors with the ingroup.
    • Ingroup vs Outgroup: How we view others; ingroup (“us”) versus outgroup (“them").
    • Minimal Groups: Groups created by arbitrary or insignificant distinctions, demonstrating ingroup favoritism.

    Social Level (Social Identity Theory)

    • Social identity: Internalized group membership; self-perception in relation to a social group.
    • Social Identity and self-categorization: Social identities, internalized membership; Feeling part of a group
    • Group norms: Important values and expected behaviors.
    • Black sheep effect: Deviating behavior of ingroup member is punished more harshly than an outgroup member.

    Understanding Sustainable Consumption

    • The "attitude-behavior" or "intention-behavior" gap is a major issue in the transition to a circular economy; involves consumers' self-reported intentions towards circular actions not reflected in actual buying behaviour.
    • Consumer activities related to this transition include purchasing, product usage, and end-of-life product disposal.
    • End-of-life product disposal is vital because it influences the potential for reuse and recycling; strongly influenced by infrastructure and individual consumer characteristics
    • A set of features can classify products, including types of circular strategies, length of waste prevention time, and contributions toward circularity/potential.
    • Targeting involves identifying segments, and evaluating their attractiveness (e.g., effective, measurable, accessible, actionable, profitable) by defining segments.
    • Various marketing approaches (e.g., undifferentiated, differentiated, focused, customized) can address diverse segments.

    Technology and System Level

    • Technology as intermediary: Usage choices determine environmental impact.
    • Technology as amplifier: Technology can enhance or cause behaviour to become more resource-intensive, direct and indirect effects of this include the rebound effect, impacting energy savings by half.
    • Technology as determinant: Technology can channel, and shape, behaviour, even without considering people's initial motivation.
    • Technology as promoter: Technology can be designed to promote desired behaviours.
    • Persuasive technology: Changes attitudes and behaviour through persuasion and social influence.
    • Spillover effect: An intervention's impact on behavior that was not directly aimed at. The effect may be positive or negative.

    Ethical Aspects

    • Ethics is the philosophical study of right and wrong. In marketing, ethics seeks to promote honesty and responsibility.
    • Ethical decisions frequently include trade-offs between personal/organizational profits; there is an ethical dilemma in pursuing profits in ways that conflict with personal values or organizational ethics.
    • Consumer behavior, understanding consumers' motives (for example regarding environmental issues and sustainability), and designing ethically responsible/sustainable products (e.g. manufacturing processes, distribution chains, disposal methods) are essential for ethical consideration.
    • Moral dilemma in business: choices requiring trade-offs between profits and ethical behaviour; examples are unethical practices like misleading/exaggerated claims and harmful product disposal/manufacturing.
    • Change in consumer attitudes and behaviours: can be facilitated by ethical consumption, raising awareness, raising awareness about ethical behaviour , and nudging through subtle cues.
    • Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), in ethical considerations, includes making environmentally and socially responsible choices.

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    Introduction to Behaviour Change PDF

    Description

    Explore the complexities of behavior change in this quiz. It covers key concepts such as the Theory of Planned Behaviour, attitudes, subjective norms, and behavioral control. Gain insights into the factors that influence our behaviors and decision-making processes.

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