Introduction to Behavioral Sciences and Bioethics
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of bioethics?

  • Psychological aspects of human behavior
  • The biological sciences and treatment methods
  • Moral dimensions of life sciences and health care (correct)
  • Economic implications of health care policies

What does ethical sensitivity involve?

  • Recognizing difficult moral choices and courses of action (correct)
  • Assessing patient outcomes based on ethical standards
  • Understanding societal norms in healthcare
  • A detailed analysis of ethical theories

Which term refers to the justifications given for choosing a specific ethical course of action?

  • Ethical justification (correct)
  • Ethical deliberation
  • Ethos
  • Ethical sensitivity

What is the role of ethical deliberation?

<p>To evaluate alternative actions in moral situations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'ethos' refer to in the context of ethics?

<p>Ancient Greek concepts of habit and tradition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In behavioral sciences, how can complex regional pain syndrome be effectively addressed?

<p>Decreasing physical symptoms and increasing muscle motility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes normative ethics from descriptive ethics?

<p>Normative ethics addresses moral principles and guidelines, whereas descriptive ethics observes them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of enhancing resilience in mental functions?

<p>Increased ability to manage stressors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'incidence' refer to in the context of health studies?

<p>The number of new cases of a disease during a specified period of time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'prevalence' in health terminology?

<p>The total number of existing cases of a disease at a specific point in time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of developmental psychology?

<p>The scientific study of changes occurring throughout a person’s life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'life expectancy' indicate?

<p>The average number of years an individual is expected to live based on current mortality rates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasizes social cognition based on bodily behaviors rather than mental processes?

<p>Interactional Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'civilization illness'?

<p>Illnesses that have a strong link to modern civilized life. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In health discussions, which of the following describes 'morbidity'?

<p>The presence of disease or illness in a population. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept explores the roles and practices of health professionals and their authority?

<p>Medical Autonomy and Medical Dominance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage in Erikson's psychosocial development does a person grapple with the concept of 'Who am I?'

<p>Adolescence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychosocial challenge occurs during the age range of 5 to 12 years?

<p>Industry vs. Inferiority (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus for individuals aged 20 to 39 years according to Erikson?

<p>Intimacy and Isolation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What question is associated with the psychosocial challenge of Generativity vs. Stagnation?

<p>Can I make my life count? (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pairs of social relationships are associated with the stage of Intimacy vs. Isolation?

<p>Romantic partners and Friends (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage involves the crisis of role confusion?

<p>Adolescence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary question a person asks during early adulthood?

<p>Can I love? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which developmental stage do individuals primarily focus on competence?

<p>School Age (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept refers to the state that a system tries to maintain in its internal environment?

<p>Homeostasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasizes the role of external events as a key motivator?

<p>Incentive Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the condition characterized by a reduced effect of a drug due to the body's adaptation?

<p>Tolerance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What most closely describes the subjective response to an external stimulus that indicates internal balance?

<p>Incentive response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the motivational aspect of feeling compelled to repeat an action due to its effects on the dopamine system?

<p>Pathological wanting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During withdrawal, what occurs when a substance is reduced or removed from the body?

<p>Physical discomfort (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In biology, what is the term for the physiological requirements that drive motivation?

<p>Drives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome can result from the powerful compulsion seen in addiction?

<p>Destructive behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive dissonance primarily associated with?

<p>An inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of sociology as defined?

<p>The systematic analysis of human society (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the over justification effect?

<p>Decreased intrinsic motivation prompted by expected incentives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the sociological perspective contribute to understanding individual experiences?

<p>By highlighting the influence of societal categories on personal lives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does rationalization involve in psychological terms?

<p>Justifying controversial behaviors to avoid true explanations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes groupthink?

<p>A tendency for groups to suppress dissent to maintain harmony (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of operationalization in research methods?

<p>To specify the exact measurements of a variable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'hypothesis' refer to in a sociological context?

<p>A general proposition that informs specific expectations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does identification imply in psychological development?

<p>Assimilating aspects of others and being transformed by them (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the aim of sociology?

<p>To analyze and interpret social actions for causation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of reference groups in social psychology?

<p>Groups compared to entire institutions or organizations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'data processing' refer to in the research method framework?

<p>The analysis and interpretation of collected data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does group polarization affect decision-making within groups?

<p>It leads to more extreme decisions than initial inclinations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When do individuals begin to perceive the world sociologically?

<p>When they realize societal categories shape their life experiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is commonly used to avoid facing uncomfortable truths?

<p>Rationalization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is conceptualization in the context of sociological research?

<p>Specifying the meaning of the concepts to be studied (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bioethics

The study of the moral dimensions of life sciences and healthcare, using various ethical methodologies in an interdisciplinary setting.

Ethical sensitivity

A person's ability to recognize and consider ethical issues in situations and decisions.

Ethical deliberation

Mentally rehearsing different courses of action in a difficult moral situation.

Ethical justification

Providing reasons to justify a chosen course of action based on moral and professional principles.

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Ethos

Ancient Greek term referring to custom, decency, and tradition.

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Ethics

The study of morality, including how we think about it and how it should be.

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Descriptive ethics

Describes how things are in terms of moral behavior and beliefs.

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Normative ethics

Focuses on how things should be in terms of morality.

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Sociology

The systematic study of human society and its structures.

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Sociological Perspective

A unique perspective that sees general patterns of society in our individual lives.

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Hypothesis

A testable prediction about empirical data that follows from a broader concept.

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Operationalization

Defining the specific way you'll measure a variable in your study.

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Observation

Collecting data to test your hypothesis.

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Data Processing

Analyzing and organizing the collected data.

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The science of human society.

The systematic study of human society.

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Sociological understanding

A broad understanding of social interactions, encompassing various phenomena like individual experiences, group dynamics, and social structures.

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Developmental Psychology

The scientific study of changes that occur in human beings over the course of their life.

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Nature-Nurture debate

A debate in psychology about the relative contributions of genes and environment to individual differences.

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Genetic Determinism

The view that genes completely determine an individual's traits, behavior, and development.

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Cultural Determinism

The view that culture completely shapes an individual's traits, behavior, and development.

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Interactional Theory

An approach to understanding social cognition that emphasizes the interplay between bodily behaviors, environmental contexts, and mental processes.

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Mortality

The fact and cause of death.

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Morbidity

Sickness or illness.

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Incidence

The number of new cases of a disease during a specified period of time.

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Motivation

The internal drive or force that propels goal-directed behavior. It is based on physiological needs and reflects a biological imperative to maintain a state of equilibrium.

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Drive Theories

Theories emphasizing internal factors, such as physiological needs, as primary motivators.

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Incentive Theory

Theories that emphasize external factors, like rewards or desired objects, as the primary motivators.

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Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable and balanced internal environment. Examples include regulating body temperature, fluid balance, and blood sugar levels.

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Set Point

The target value or set point that a physiological regulatory system strives to maintain.

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Brain's Dopamine System

A brain region associated with reward and motivation. It plays a crucial role in addiction and is activated by pleasurable experiences. Dopamine, a neurotransmitter related to pleasure and motivation, is released in this system.

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Addiction

A condition characterized by compulsive and destructive seeking out and use of a substance or activity despite negative consequences. It is a powerful motivational force.

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Tolerance

A diminished response to a substance or activity due to repeated exposure. The body becomes accustomed to the drug, requiring higher doses for the same effect.

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Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

Erikson's theory suggests that individuals navigate eight stages of psychosocial development throughout their lives, each with its own unique challenge. These stages involve a balance between positive and negative factors. The successful resolution of a challenge leads to the development of a healthy personality, impacting an individual's sense of self and their ability to interact with the world.

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Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy)

This stage focuses on developing a sense of trust, which is crucial for establishing a foundation of security and a belief that the world is a safe place.

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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood)

Toddlers strive for autonomy, gaining independence and developing a sense of self-control. They're learning to do things on their own, like walking and dressing.

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Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool)

Children start to explore their environment, developing initiative and a sense of purpose. They initiate activities, experiment with roles, and test their boundaries.

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Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age)

Children learn to feel competent and productive in school and other activities. They gain a sense of mastery and self-esteem through their achievements.

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Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence)

Adolescents grapple with finding their identity, exploring values, beliefs, and roles. They try to understand who they are and what they stand for.

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Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early Adulthood)

Young adults focus on establishing intimate relationships with others, seeking love and connection. They build strong bonds with friends, partners, and family.

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Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)

Adults aim to create something meaningful that goes beyond themselves, contributing to society and leaving their mark on the world. They focus on achieving goals, raising children, and making a difference.

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Cognitive Dissonance

The discomfort caused by holding two conflicting beliefs or behaviors.

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Over Justification Effect

When an external reward for a task decreases someone's intrinsic motivation to do that task.

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Identification

The process of adopting the beliefs, values, and behaviors of another individual or group.

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Reference Group

A group that an individual compares themselves to, influencing their beliefs and behaviors.

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Group Polarization Effect

The tendency for a group's decisions to become more extreme than the initial views of its members.

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Groupthink

A phenomenon where a group seeks harmony and avoids conflict, potentially leading to poor decision-making.

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Institutional Norms

Shared expectations and rules that guide behavior within a specific institution or organization.

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Study Notes

Lecture 1 Title: Introduction to Behavioral Sciences

  • Complex regional pain syndrome can be treated by decreasing pain, swelling, and other physical symptoms. Also, increasing muscle motility, resilience, and motivation, and keeping socialites, may help.

Lecture 2 Title: Bioethics

  • Bioethics is the study of moral dimensions, decisions, conduct, and policies in life sciences and healthcare.
  • Ethical sensitivity is a person's ability to recognize ethical dilemmas.
  • Ethical deliberation is employing imagination to consider alternative courses of action.
  • Ethical justification involves reasoning choices through moral and professional principles.
  • Bioethics combines various ethical methodologies in an interdisciplinary setting.
  • Descriptive ethics examines how moral beliefs, values, and practices function.
  • Normative ethics focuses on what actions should be taken or what principles are valid.
  • Metaethics concerns the basic assumptions of ethics.
  • Applied ethics involves analysis on particular areas of conduct.

Lecture 3 Title: Medical Anthropology

  • Culture is defined as patterns of beliefs, feelings, adaptations, or interpretations common to a group. This shapes societal views.
  • The four principal objects that depict the doctor in lectures are White Coat, Stethoscope, Head mirror, and Head mirror. These represent cultural expectations.
  • The origins of these depictions are described in lectures in respect to their cultural influences.
  • Meaning of these depictions depends on cultures.
  • Two behavioral changes resulting from above depictions are medical practitioner's decision of preferring intellectualism or mechanical approaches.

Lecture 4 Title: Sociology

  • Sociology analyzes the systematic study of human society.
  • It is focused on the general patterns of human societal behavior.

Lecture 5 Title: Basics of Medical Psychology I. Human Development

  • Developmental psychology is the study of changes in human beings over their lives.
  • Nature-nurture debate investigates the role of innate characteristics (nature) vs. environmental influences (nurture) in development.
  • Cultural determinants focus on societal beliefs and their impact on behaviors.
  • Interactional theory emphasizes behaviors and environmental contexts.
  • Sensitive periods refer to times in development when individuals are more responsive to specific stimuli.
  • Capacities of the newborn include reflexes, vision, hearing, taste, smell, and motor skills.
  • Stages of development include infancy, early childhood, preschool, school, adolescence, early adulthood, adulthood, and maturity.
  • Facial preferences include attraction to human faces
  • Baby talk refers to modified speech used by mothers with children.
  • Taste preferences are explained through factors like sweet, sour, bitter tastes, and smell and their responses.
  • Early learning includes habituation and sensitization, which are reactions to repetitive stimuli.

Lecture 6 Title: Basics of Medical Psychology II. Motivation and Emotions

  • Drive theory focuses on physiological needs as motivators.
  • Incentive theory emphasizes external factors and desires as motivators.
  • Homeostasis is the process of maintaining internal physiological balance.
  • Addiction is a powerful motivation with compulsive and destructive characteristics.
  • Tolerance is the body's decreased response to a drug.
  • Withdrawal is the onset of symptoms when a drug use reduces.
  • Alliesthesia is an internal response to external stimuli.
  • Obesity is influenced by psychological and physiological factors.
  • Dieting involves restricted food intake.
  • Anorexia is an eating disorder characterized by low body weight.
  • Bulimia is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and purging.

Lecture 7 Title: Basics of Medical Psychology III. Learning and Memory

  • Learning is the relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
  • Non-associative learning is learning regarding a single stimulus.
  • Habituation involves a decreased response due to repeated stimulus exposure.
  • Sensitization refers to increased response to stimuli after repeated exposure.
  • Associative learning involves learning about connections between events.
  • Classical conditioning involves associations between stimuli.
  • Operant conditioning involves associations between behaviors and consequences.

Lecture 8 Title: Basics of Medical Psychology IV. Personality & Psychological Disorders

  • Personality is a set of enduring characteristics of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
  • Psychodynamic theories emphasize unconscious processes and past experiences.
  • Classical psychoanalysis studies mental forces and conflicts.

Lecture 9 Title: Basics of Medical Psychology V. Social Influence and Social Cognition

  • Social psychology studies interactions and their impact.
  • Fundamental Attribution Error describes overemphasizing personality traits and underestimating situational effects while explaining behaviors.
  • Social Facilitation refers to improved performance on simple tasks when others are present
  • Social Inhibition refers to impaired performance on complex tasks because others are present
  • Deindividuation represents loss of self-identity in a group
  • Bystander effect is a phenomenon in which individuals are less likely to help when others are present
  • Diffusion of Responsibility refers to reduced personal responsibility when others are present
  • Minority Influence is the process where a member of a minority group influences a majority.
  • Cognitive Dissonance Theory involves discomfort caused by inconsistency between beliefs ans actions
  • Rationalization refers to making up reasons to justify behavior
  • Overjustification Effect refers to diminished intrinsic motivation when external rewards are present
  • Identification is the process of assimilating characteristics from another, either wholly or partially
  • Reference Groups are groups used as comparison points for behavior and attitudes
  • Institutional Norms are implicit and explicit rules of acceptable behavior within an organization
  • Group Polarization is phenomenon in which group discussion leads to more extreme opinions
  • Groupthink is a phenomenon in which the desire for harmony and conformity within a group outweighs critical evaluation.

Lecture 10 Title: Basics of Medical Psychology VI. Social Influence and Social Cognition (continued)

  • This lecture is not included in the provided text.

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This quiz covers key topics in behavioral sciences and bioethics. It includes the treatment aspects of complex regional pain syndrome and delves into ethical considerations relevant to life sciences and healthcare. Explore the moral dimensions and various methodologies associated with ethical decision-making.

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