Introduction to Art

• Art is the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form.
• Art produces works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power.
• Art can serve as self-expression, therapy, inspiration, motivation, and awareness.

Art Forms

• Visual arts include painting, sculpture, and illustration.
• Performing arts include dance and theater.
• Literary arts include fiction, nonfiction prose, literature, and poem.
• Digital arts include animations.

Periods of Art

• Neoclassic Art (1730-1870 or 140 years) depicts reality as closely as possible and idealizes it.
• It is beautiful, pastoral, familiar, and comfortable.
• Neoclassic Art is "academic" and continues to be taught in schools like UP Fine Arts.
• Fernando Amorsolo (painting) and Guillermo Tolentino (sculpting) are influential Neoclassic artists.
• Fernando Amorsolo's "The Palay Maiden" was created in 1920.
• Modern Art (1880-1960 or 80 years) changes colors and flattens the picture instead of creating illusions of depth.
• It does not aim to copy and idealize reality but is still traditional.
• Examples of Modern Art include Abstract, Impressionism, Cubism, and Surrealism.
• Victorio Edades' "Mora Girl" was created in 1950.
• Victorio Edades is the Father of Philippine Modern Art, initiating the Modern Art movement that challenged the Neoclassic style.
• Contemporary Art is a movement that belongs to the present and speaks to experiences of today.
• Contemporary Art leaves open the boundaries of what exactly makes a work of art contemporary.
• Contemporary Art is a sign of being something new or innovative.
• Contemporary Art is distinct from previous art forms or art-making practices.
• Art of the present is never fixed but is open for possibilities (1960 up to the present).
• Characteristics of Contemporary Art: Multidisciplinary, Combination, Technology Integrated, Influenced by Social Realism, Neorealist, Site-Specific, Process-based, Collaborative, and Interactive.
• Examples of Contemporary Art include Street Art, Sun Tunnels, and "The Contrast" by Hernando R. Ocampo.
• Arturo Luz produced paintings in the 90s and well into the 21st century with a hard-edged and abstract minimalist style.

Pre-Conquest Art

• Pre-Conquest art includes everyday expressions integrated within rituals.
• "Pre-Conquest" is an Art Historical Term.
• "Indigenous" is a Stylistic Term.
• "Pre-Colonial" is a Cultural Term.

Earliest Forms of Theater or Rituals

• Mayvanuvanua (Batanes) is a ritual that opens the fishing season of dibang (flying fish).
• Cañao or Kanyaw (Cordillera Administrative Region) involves animal sacrifice where the entrails are read.
• Entrails are read through divination officiated by a shaman or mumbaki; dancing ritual
• Kashawing (Lake Lanao of Mindanao) is a ritual to ensure abundance during rice planting and harvesting.
• Tagbanwa (Palawan) is where shamans go into a trance amidst ritual chanting and dancing, believing they are taken over by goddesses.

Ethnic Musical instruments

• Kudyapi is a three-stringed guitar from Maranao at Manobo, Mindanao.
• Kulintang is an array of bossed gongs from Mindanao.
• Gansa is a flat gong from Luzon.
• Agong is a large bossed gong from Mindanao.

Native Dance Forms

• Pangalay (Sulu) is a mimetic dance of seabirds.
• Kinabua of Mandaya performs swooping movements imitating the movements of an eagle.
• Banog-banog of the Higaonon and B'laan is a courtship dance that portrays the flight of the birds.
• Man manok (Bagobos Tribes) is a dance that dramatizes three roosters competing for the attention of a hen.
• Talip (Ifugaos) is a courtship dance mimetic of the movements of wild fowls.
• Inamong of Matigsalugs and Kadaliwas (T'boli) represents the comedic movements of a monkey.
• Tinikling (Tagalog) is evocative of the movements of the crane balancing itself on stilt-like legs or flitting away from the clutches of bamboo traps.

Carving

• Bulul (Cordillera) is a granary god that plays an important role in rituals.
• Anthropomorphic Bulul appears in container bowls and spoons.
• Hagabi (Ifugao) is a wooden bench that marks the socio-economic status of the owner.
• Santo or Santos are carved in Paete, Laguna, and Betis, Pampanga, which are Christianized communities.
• Okir is carved in the Southern Philippines, employing curvilinear decoration in woodcarving.
• Sarimanok is the stylized design of a bird holding a fish in its beak and/or standing on a base in the shape of a fish.
• Naga is the form of an elaborate mythical serpent or dragon with a vigorous S-curve and numerous curvilinear motifs to suggest its scales.
• Pako Rabong is a stylized growing fern with a broad base gracefully tapering upwards.
• The Manunggul Jar (Manunggul Cave Lipunan Point Palawan) has two anthropomorphic or human forms atop the lid (Neolithic Period; 890-710).
• Sarimanok and Naga are found in the Panolong, extended floor beam, and the interior beams and posts of the large sultan's house called Torogan.

Weaving

• Tepo Mat is a colorful double-layered mat of Sama of Tawi-Tawi made of Pandan Leaves.
• Ovaloid Baskets are made of nito and bamboo, used as a head sling to carry harvest.
• Bubo are fish straps made of sturdy bamboo strips in the Ilocos Region.
• Textiles are not only functional but also impart knowledge about people's belief systems, the reverence for spirits and nature, criteria for beauty, and the society's sociopolitical nature

Arts Before Colonization

• Tattoos were shared by Southeast Asia and New Zealand, as well as other ethnolinguistic groups that practice tattooing like Kalinga, Kankanay, Ibaloy, and Ifugao.
• Visayas is known as "Islas de los Pintados" (Land of the Painted People).
• Jewelry includes wearing brass chains, bells, and colorful beads (T'boli).
• The Islamic Period (1201) started when an Arab named Sayyid Abbubakar came to Sulu, Philippines, and spread the religion (Arabic), mostly in Mindanao, embraced by the Magindanaoan, Tausog, Yakan, Samal, and Badjao.
• Quran is the Bible in their religion.
• Mosque prime signatures are the domes, courtyard, arch style in the entrance, and the minaret towers.
• Mecca is a city in Saudi Arabia (their holiest land).
• Ukkil or Okir focuses on sculpting, molding, pottery, and weaving with geometric patterns, floral motifs, and calligraphy.
• Burraq transported the Prophet Muhammad to heaven (a winged, supernatural horse).

Colonial Period

• Spanish Colonial Period (1565-1898) started with Ferdinand Magellan, focusing on Christianity and Catholicism in addition to God, Gold, and Glory.
• Included Catholic Church, Plaza, and Bato or Bahay na Tisa.
• Catholic Church was designed with Baroque features and details, focusing on sculptures with saint figures and wall details.
• Carosa is a stand of Santos and Santas in processions
• Music includes Pabasa which occurs in the Holy Week
• Kundiman is a way to please loved ones and a way of courting and includes love songs
• Carinosa (panyo), and Tinikling (bamboo)are dances in this era
• Doctrina Christiana the first book published in the Philippines
• Zarzuela (musical), Senakulo (acting done in Holy Week), Komedya, Moro-Moro (Muslim vs Christians), and Araguio (epiko) were theater arts shown in this period.
• American Period (1898-1946) most architectures were modernized, and cities had a major development.
• Theater show focused on comedy (Vaudeville) during this time
• Daniel Burnham was commissioned to develop and design Manila and Baguio.
• Fernando Amorsolo captured the Filipino culture on the canvas.

Artists

• Guillermo Tolentino (1935) created the sculpture of the Oblation and the Bonifacio Monument.
• Victorio Edades, Carlos Francisco, and Galo Ocampo (Triumvirate) pioneered Modern Art.

Nature

• Fernando Amorsolo painted landscapes as a romantic picture.
• Ricarte Puruganan depicted nature as an "uncontrollable force“.

Modern Art

• Toliers of The Sea (1980)is an example of modern art
• Pabalat of the Bulacan (Everyday Life) is an example of modern art.
• Lirio Salvador (Everyday Life) is an art piece with machine discards, bicycle parts, and implements to form an assemblage.

Post War Period

• Post War Period (1946-1972) had art forms like abstract, public painting, modern, and conservative arts introduced.

Context of Art

• Context is setting, conditions, circumstances, and occurrences affecting the production and reception or audience response to an artwork.
• Artist's Background including age, economic conditions, gender, culture, social environment, and disposition.
• Society, Politics, Economy, and History can influence artist volition
• Mode of Reception includes museum presence and ability to construct knowledge for the public
• Reception, very much affected by exposure to art forms

Elements Of Art

• Line is a path created by a moving point mark or object.
• A mark created via dots
• Shape is a two-dimensional flat enclosed shape when a line closes to create a shape that is geometric or organic; flat.
• Value: the lightness or darkness of an object; the effect of light and shade in a picture
• When something white is added, it is called a tint
• When something black is added, it is called shade to make darker
• The texture is how something feels or looks like to touch
• It is often how the piece is implied or set
• Space is the emptiness or area around or within objects
• The parts of a picture give more perspective

Principles of Design

• Pattern: an orderly repetition of an object.
• Contrast is a juxtaposition that accentuates differences; can be in color, size, texture, darks or lights, and even types of lines.
• Balance is a distribution of equal visual weight but does not have to be a mirror image.
• Rhythm sets up a feeling by repeating the same shapes, textures, colors, and strokes.
• Emphasis is an accentuation of importance.
• Movement is a directed path of optical motion.