Introduction to Anthropology

Definition of Anthropology

• The study of humanity, covering prehistoric origins and contemporary human diversity
• The study of humankind in all times and places
• Anthropology establishes knowledge from social, physical, and biological sciences, as well as from the humanities
• Anthropologists use knowledge about mankind, nature, and human genetics to find solutions to human problems

Goals of Anthropology

• Discover differences among people to understand and preserve diversity
• Emphasize Filipino traits that contribute to global unity
• Discover commonalities across humanity through folklore, traditions, and language to better understand "human nature"
• Objectively examine one's own culture from an outsider's perspective
• Challenges individuals to evaluate and critique their culture
• Produce new knowledge and theories about humankind and human behavior
• Anthropology teaches evaluation of facts and theories about human nature and culture with a global perspective

Four Major Fields of General Anthropology

• Anthropology teaches evaluation of facts and theories about human nature and culture with a global perspective
• Cultural anthropology studies cultures and living people, including variations and changes
• Analysis of styles, forms and the social life of past and present ages
• Cultural anthropologists study art, religion, migration, marriage, and family
• Linguistic anthropology studies communication, mainly among humans
• Includes the study of communication's origins, history, and contemporary variation
• Archaeology studies past human cultures through material remains and artifacts
• Biological anthropology, studies humans as biological organisms, including evolution and contemporary variation
• Describes hereditary variations among populations
• Describes the distribution of hereditary variations among contemporary populations: heredity, environment, and culture to human biology

Applied Anthropology

• Anthropology is put to use
• Anthropological knowledge is applied to solve social problems and shape policy goals
• An integration across the four fields of anthropology versus a separate field in itself

Definition of Sociology

• Sociology is derived from the Latin word "socius" (associate) and the Greek word "logos" ("study of knowledge")
• August Comte (1798-1857) coined the term sociology and is regarded as the "father of Sociology"
• A science studying human civilization
• A systematic study of groups and societies that affect people's behavior
• Focuses on social connections, institutions, organizations, structures, and processes
• Gathers social inputs from attitudes, viewpoints, values, and norms of social institutions

The Scientific Study of Sociology

• Obtains theories and principles about society and various aspects of social life in order to critically study humanity and our roles in society
• Appreciates that all things in society are interdependent, connecting an individual's personal history to their environment and the nation's history
• Broadens familiarity with sociological facts acquired through empirical processes, which helps realize prejudices on various social issues
• Exposes minds to different perspectives on attaining the truth, acknowledging the relativism of truth as argued by some theorists and social philosophers
• Determination of whether an action/behavior is good or bad depends on one's social norms

Areas of Sociology

• Social Organization includes the study of social institutions, social inequality, social mobility, religious groups and bureaucracy
• Social Psychology focuses on the study of human nature and its emphasis on social processes
• Applied Sociology seeks practical applications for human behavior and organizations, assisting in resolving social problems through sociological research
• Population Studies includes size, growth, demographic characteristics, composition, migration, changes and quality vis-à-vis economic, political and social systems
• Human Ecology studies the effects of social organizations (religious, political, etc.) on population behavior
• Sociological Theory and Research focuses on the discovery of theoretical tools, methods and techniques to scientifically explain a sociological issue
• Social Change studies factors that cause social organization and social disorganization

Definition of Political Science

• An academic discipline that deals with the study of government and political processes, institutions, and behaviors
• Studies the complex behavior of political actors, such as government administration, opposition, and subjects
• A systematic study of political and government institutions and processes

Definition of Politics

• Politics originated from the Greek word "Polis", meaning city or state
• Refers to the art and science of governing city/state
• A social process or strategy in any position of control in which people gain, use or lose power

Functions of Political Institutions

• Enact laws, ordinances, and rules to promote safety, health, peace, order, and morals
• Levy and regulate taxes
• Support education programs
• Plan the economy
• Administer justice
• Promote physical, economic, social and cultural well-being
• Preserve the internal and external autonomy of the state
• Administer foreign and diplomatic relations

Government

• Agency which the will of the state is formulated, expressed, and carried out
• Organized agency tasked to impose social control
• A group of people that governs a community or unit
• Sets and administers public policy: executive, political and sovereign power through customs, institutions, and laws within a state

State

• A political concept referring to a community of people occupying a territory with its own government and freedom from external control

Nation

• An ethnic concept referring to a group of people bound together by common ethnical elements such as race, language, and culture

Anthropological Perspectives

• Unilineal Evolutionism: New cultural forms emerge from the past that pass through similar stages of development
• Cultural Diffusionism: Culture originates from culture centers with borrowed elements
• Historical Particularism: Each people group has its own unique culture influenced by their history, geography, and environment
• Anthropological Functionalism: Cultural elements and practices are interrelated and serve a purpose
• Anthropological Structuralism: Cultural phenomena and practices relate to one another by which humans organize and structure experiences
• Cultural Materialism considers culture influenced by technology, resources, economic values, and utilization of things

Sociological Perspectives

• Sociological Functionalism: Society is an organized network of cooperating groups operating orderly to generally accepted norms
• Sociological Conflict Perspective: Social environment is in a continuous struggle
• Symbolic Interactionism: Deals with patterns of behavior in large units of society
• Evolutionism explains how human groups came to exist, grow, and develop

Society

• From the Latin word "societas," meaning companion or associate
• Pertains to all people collectively as a community of related, interdependent individuals in a particular place, following a certain mode of life
• A population organized to carry out major functions of life (reproduction, sustenance, shelter, and defense)
• A population that occupies the same territory, subject to the same political authority and involved in a common culture
• Anthropology: A group of people sharing a common culture within a territory.
• Sociology: An association organized by men with a territory

Culture

• May refer to individual taste, inclination, and interest in the "fine arts"
• Referred to as being civilized
• The complex whole encompassing beliefs, practices, values, and attitudes
• Includes mores, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything a person learns and shares as a member of society
• Anthropological Perspective: A unique character of every human society including how we think, act, and what we own.
• Sociological Perspective: Viewed as the imprint made by people
• Aspects: Dynamic, flexible, adaptive, shared, contested through time, learned through socialization/enculturation, patterned social interactions, and integrated/unstable
• Consists of artifacts (objects made by human beings), arts and recreation, clothing, customs and traditions, food, government, knowledge, language, religion, shelter, tools, and values

Ways People View Other Cultures

• Cultural Relativism: Culture has meaning when taken only into context; comparing/judging cultures is wrong
• Ethnocentrism: Perception of one's own culture as superior to others
• Xenocentrism: Perception of one's own culture as inferior to others

Enculturation/Socialization

• Process by which a human acquires personal identity and learns the norms, values, behavior, habits, beliefs, social skills, and knowledge of society
• Transforms a helpless infant into a knowledgeable/cooperative member of society
• A lifelong process that starts at birth and ends at death

Aspects of Enculturation/Socialization

• Looking Glass Self Theory: A person's sense of self is derived from the perception of others
• Role Taking Theory: Social awareness is traced to early social interaction
• Agents: Family, School, Peers, Mass Media, Workplace

Conformity

• Exhibiting behavior that is the same behavior of most other people in a society

Deviance

• Deviance is the recognized violation of cultural norms

Social Control

• Social Control ensures that people generally behave in expected and approved ways.
• Internal: Socialization process developed within the individual as we know it is the right thing to do.
• External: Social sanctions or the system of rewards and punishments designed to encourage desired behavior

Forms of Deviance

• Innovation
• Ritualism
• Retreatism

Rebellism

• Deviance is the recognized violation of cultural norms
• Social Control: a general term referring to the set of means to ensure that people behave in expected and approved ways

Forms of Deviance

• Innovation (theft, burglary, embezzlement)
• Ritualism (teacher unconcerned for students, employee unconcerned for work quality)
• Retreatism (alcoholics, drug addicts, gamblers)
• Rebellion (terrorists, leftists, guerrillas)

Human Rights

• Inherent to all human beings, regardless of nationality, residence, sex, origin, color, religion, language, or status
• Interrelated, interdependent, and indivisible
• Not a privilege: allowed actions and protections against harm
• Abuses arise when human rights are not well-known

Human Rights after World War II

• United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights signed in 1948
• Provides a common understanding of everyone's rights
• Forms the basis for a world built on freedom, justice, and peace

The Common Good

• Served as the moral justification of most social systems in tribal notions
• Degree of a society's enslavement or freedom corresponded to the degree to which that tribal slogan was invoked or ignored
• The degree of a society's enslavement or freedom corresponded to the degree to which that tribal slogan was invoked or ignoredThe degree of a society's enslavement or freedom corresponded to the degree to which that tribal slogan was invoked or ignored

Social Groups based on Structure

• Primary: Informal conducts, spontaneous interactions, sympathetic, and enjoyment of each other's company.
• Secondary: Conducts according to rule expectation and acknowledgement to status/acquaintance

Social Groups based on Organization

• Formal Group: Intentionally formed and planned to be carried out for a specific purpose
• Informal Group: Formed unplanned and spontaneously established out of random association and interaction

Social Groups based on Membership

• Open Group: Is open for everyone
• Closed Group: Exclusive to a selected number of persons by either quota or qualification

Social Groups based on Purpose

• Interest Group: Formed for the purpose of protecting and promoting the trade, interests and well-being of other members
• Pressure Group: Influence the members of the public's views
• Task Group: Constitutes a pool of workers or performers following a chain of command to complete a task

Social Groups based on Perspective

• In Group: Sense of Loyalty, Camaraderie, and Solidarity. Regard non members as others.
• Minority Group: Relatively less dominant in terms of size, status or degree of influence
• Reference Group: Not necessarily a member but they serve as a comparative basis for self-evaluation

Kinship

• Stands for relationship or affinity

Types of Kinship

• Kinship by Blood
  • Unilineal: Tracing descent through the maternal or paternal line only.
  • Matrilineal: Inheriting or determining descent through the female line.
  • Patrilineal: Inheriting or determining descent through the male line.
  • Bilateral: Tracing descent through both the mother and father. Marriage:Refers to the practice of being married.
• Kinship by Marriage
  • Monogamy: Being married to only one person at a time.
  • Polygamy: Being married to more than one person at a time
• Kinship by Ritual: Compadrazgo System

Marriage Partner

• Referred Marriage Partner
• Acceptance of same sex marriage partner.

Household

• Refers to all persons living together in a housing unit
• A household may consist of only one person bur a family must consist of at least two members

Types of Household

• One Person Household- Arranges one's own food and/or other essentials for living without combining with another person
• Multi Person Household- A group of two or more persons living together who make common provision for food and other essentials for living.

Family

• Refers to the members of the household who are related, to a specified degree, through blood, adoption, or marriage

Core and Non-Core

• A nucleus family may be one of the following- A married couple without children, a married couple with one or more children, a father with one or more unmarried children or a mother with one or more unmarried children

Social Units

• Organization: A social unit of people that is structured and managed to meet a need or to pursue collective goals

Attributes

• A social unit of people that is structured and managed to meet a need or to pursue collective goals
• Political organization: The system of political institutions in a society organized as a state.

Types of Political Organization

• Bands: Mostly found in foraging societies; associated with distribution systems and egalitarian social relations
• Tribal Organizations: Common in a horticulturist and pastoralist society. Larger populations than band and lacks centralized political authority and are egalitarian.
• Chiefdoms: Formal and permanent political structure than tribal societies. Political authority rests with individuals who act with advice of a council
• All types use state, today.

Power

• The ability to carry out one's will, even over the resistance of others

Types of Power

• Legitimate: Through influence or the ability to control another's behavior through persuasion
• Grant: Through authority or the power grant by people because they believe that those in power have the right to command and that they themselves have the duty to obey

Education

• Fundamental to development and growth
• Action or process of teaching someone

Functions of Education

• Development of inborn (individual)
• Modifying (individual)
• All Aims at all around developments
• Preparing for the future- Good paying job while s/he will be able to get used from kindergarten to tertiary. Thus led productivity and success at work
• Developing Personality- The whole personality of the child is recognized in the society
• Helping for Adjustability

Functions of Education

• For Society
  • Social Change & Control: Progress
• For The Nation
  • Reconstruction of Experiences
  • Inculcation
  • Training Leadership
  • National Intergration, unity.
  • Total National Development: Developing all aspets of individual

Effects of Education

• It gives you the knowledge.
• Leads to career progression and builds character.
• Creates enlightenment.
• All of it help and contributes not as a human itself, but to our society, our selves, and our right; A human right.

Health

• A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
• Is also a human right

Health System

• The total of all the organizations, institutions and resources whose primary purpose is to improve health
• It includes funds, information, transport and other aspects

Culture illness and disease

• Culture-bound syndrome
• Specific syndrome (combination of pschiatric and somatic symptoms) or folk illness ( Usog).

Social

• Stress, fear, or shock is often the reason of culture and syndroms.
• Biophysical Syndrome: Fatal
• ETHNOMEDICINE
• refers to culture of the health system

Body-Western and ethno

• Biomedicin-Mind and body is bounded
  • Declared dead-brain is dead
  • Biomedicin- Western countries

Types of Healing

• Humoral Healing- emphasizes the balance in our own community than emphasizing our social.
• There is also- natural elements- food and drugs
• there is always dance and informal sense that every one should be having.

What can and should be considered

• cross-treatment and health problems.
• Also some people have the power to diagnose and some can heat.

Effects of globalization and health

• there is new spreads of problems with infectious disease that is happening.

Types of Health

• sherpa of Nepal
• Buddhism with humor.
• Also new religions.

Institutionalized Religion- Not limited

• Is a set of organization and systems that formally establish

Constitutional state- The separation between religion and state

• state constitution can be only traced from the 1987 which is separation between all-religions
• No law shall be established
• it will be inviolable

Class and Caste Systems

• In India the ancient Aryas were divided into multiple varnas
• Under closed system, status of a person is based on birth-purely ascribed
• Under open systems, there has freedom. Status is based on acheivements.

Symbols

• Wealth- Refers to material possessions
• Power- Imposes will and what people can control
• Prestige- Related and Honoring others.

Social Stratification

• Social conflict theorists disagree that social stratification is functional for a society
• Davis- Moore: The social stratification has a beneficial for the operation of society. However can be very expensive as well.
• Weber: Standing consists of three parts-class(economics) power(political and stats(prestige and honor)

The meaning of words:

• inequality refers to the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society.

Factors that Affect

• Innovation
• Diffusion
• Assimilation
• Acculturation

Source and Change:

• Contradictions
• Tensions
• Change/Effect

What can the effect from Social and other things?

• Change
• Mode with Living Both can enable individual to be more confident. If can do development.
• All for characteristics of developed society.

Theories of Changes in the society

• Simple for evolved.
• Theory- progress by oppressed group.

Cyclical- born, grow, death.

• Structural Functionals.

Things/ How can we help and handle change?- by:

• Weighing Adv and Disadv
• Adapt instead of Resisting
• Stance

Types Adaptation

• Global Warming: Average increase in The Planet.
• Humans adapt to climate change, Migration.
• Overseas filipinos
  • Expats or People whom work abroad.
• The world change.

Adaptations

• Inclusisve/ Citizen
• Governing Equality
• social network
• social move