Introduction to Anthropology

Anthropology Basics

• Anthropology is the study of humanity
• Anthropos means human being
• Logia means study
• Anthropology is an interdisciplinary field and uses the scientific method

Major Fields of Anthropology

• Cultural anthropology studies the diversity of human societies in time and space
• It examines the commodities that exist across different societies
• A holistic approach involves linking global & local aspects, past & present, and all aspects of humanity
• Ethnography involves cultural archeologists recording and analyzing cultures, using fieldwork to collect data
• Requires discipline and is group/community-specific
• Participant observation is a hands-on learning approach where the researcher is immersed in the culture
• Ethnology tries to explain why and how a culture functions
• It uses data from multiple researchers, is synthetic, and comparative/cross-cultural
• Biological anthropology studies the evolution of humans, their variability, and adaptation to environmental stress
• Linguistic anthropology studies the nature of human language
• Archeology studies people past and present through material remains as evidence
• Eco facts consists of natural things related to humans such as plants and animal remains
• Artifacts are material items made by humans
• Features consist of material remains that are immovable like structures and walls

Cultural Concepts

• Ethnocentrism, according to William G. Summer, is viewing things with one's own group as the center
• Ethno refers to local/people and centrism means center
• Xenocentrism, according to Donald P. Kent and Robert G. Burnignt, is viewing another group as the center of attraction
• Xeno refers to foreign
• Deviant behavior is when one is expected to value their own culture over another
• Cultural appropriation is taking elements of another culture without understanding the significance/meaning
• Power dynamics is about who has the power to take from someone else without consequences, according to Dr. Neal Lester
• Ellen Rock says appropriation removes origins/heritage, repurposing in ways that only benefit the company
• Cultural relativism is viewing other cultures based on their own values instead of one's own

Culture, Society, and Cultural Appreciation

• Cultural appreciation is about learning about a culture with permission from its people
• Cross-cultural relationships involve acknowledgment, respect, and understanding of diverse lives
• Culture, according to Edward Taylor, is a complex whole including knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, and habits acquired as a member of society
• Society is patterns of relationships among people within a territory
• A sociocultural system includes culture being learned through enculturation when children learn their culture
• Culture is shared, symbolic, all-encompassing, integrated, adaptive, and sometimes mal-adaptive
• Indigenous culture includes ancestral domain/land, language, economic activities, sociopolitical organization, kinship/marriage systems, and belief systems
• Land is communally owned, belonging to everybody
• Ancestral domains are territories belonging to Indigenous Peoples (IP)

Indigenous People's Rights Act (IPRA)

• RA 8371 is the Indigenous People's Rights Act of 1997 (IPRA)
• IPRA includes the right of ownership, to develop lands/natural resources, and to stay in territories
• IPRA ensures the right in case of displacement, to regulate entry of migrants, and to safe/clean environments
• IPRA also grants the right to claim parts of reservations and resolve conflicts
• UNDRIP is the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
• A subsistence economy is primarily for family/community, with surplus marketed
• Indigenous Political Structures (IPS) refers to traditional governance systems and institutions
• Right to self-governance recognizes the autonomy of IPs, acknowledging them as legitimate for decision-making
• Customary laws are unwritten, based on customs/traditions, and centered on family/economic relations

Family and Descent

• Nuclear families consist of children and parents
• Extended families have three or more generations
• Joint/collateral families include cousins and spouses
• Matrilinear descent is traced through women only
• Patrilinear descent is traced through men only
• Matrilocality is when married couples reside in the wife's community
• Patrilocality is when married couples reside in the husband's community

Marriage Types

• Plural marriage (polygamy) unites more than two spouses
• Polygyny is the practice of having more than one wife
• Polyandry is the practice of having more than one husband
• Exogamy is seeking a spouse outside one's group
• Endogamy is mating or marriage within a group

Marriage and Ethnicity

• Homogamy is marrying someone familiar, like members of the same social class
• Ethnicity identifies a group based on perceived cultural distinctiveness
• Mixed IP parent case: children under 13 take the mother's ethnicity; over 13, they choose
• Mixed IP and non-IP parent case: children follow the ethnicity of the IP parent
• Mixed IP and Muslim parent case: children follow the father's ethnicity, and Muslims follow paternalistic traditions
• Community participation involves ritual activities binding people together

Spiritual Roles

• Shamans are priests/priestesses who communicate with spirits/gods
• African Diviners foretell events by reading environmental changes

Language and the Dumaget

• Language is shaped by the environment
• Language is an attempts to describe surroundings forming their unique tongue
• The Dumaget/Domaget ancestral domain is in the Sierra Madre range in Central Luzon (Aurora, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan) and Calabarzon (Rizal, Quezon)
• Subkal'n-Is'suwi ICCA is the sacred ancestral ground for Dumaget
• Dumagat rely on fishing, while Dumagat Remontado farm, gather, and hunt
• Men wear baag or ginat, women wear tapis, and Salong are their traditional family shelter

Dumaget Leadership, Language, and Rituals

• Key leadership roles are Manganup and Monledup
• The highest leader is referred to as Kaksaan or Mangomden
• Pamon Esabiyan is an event exclusive to community leaders and elders
• Domaget Tagebulos call the Pamon Esabiyan "Surot-Sorotan," while the Domaget Edimala refer to it as "Munpolung Tam"
• Kabolowen is the dominant language for Dumaget in plains/mountains
• Edimala is used by Dumaget in rocky areas/caves, and Tagebulos is used by Dumaget near shorelines
• Panogpoy is a thanksgiving ritual for Makadepat
• Adow ne Dumaget is a festival honoring native culture/traditions
• Subkal is a sacred prayer
• Sambit is a traditional healing ritual using balete bark/twig to identify illness
• Pagbu is a traditional wrestling game for men
• Dupdupit is a ritual by elders protecting children from evil
• Agpas is a pre-healing ritual with incantations/offerings

Dumaget Remontado Rituals

• Ngayangay involves elders requesting blessings
• Pagbubuga is a healing practice using medicinal plants
• Mali involves teams competing in physical games during the full moon

Subanon/Subanen/Subanu

• In Visayas/Mindanao, it comes from "Suba" (river), with "-nen" indicating upstream movement
• Ancestral domain is the Zamboanga peninsula

Subanon Economic Activities

• Highlands are for planting rice using a "gobod" irrigation system
• Lowlands plant rice/vegetables
• Ghiklot phurang is a significant small fish
• Thinumpin is shredded cassava wrapped in banana leaves and grilled

Subanon Marriage, Society, and Values

• Gembay is mutual consent - man asks for woman's hand
• Gumbay is when the man desires and asks to marry the woman
• Dlusud is when the man won't leave unless allowed to marry
• Guli' is when the woman forces the man to marry
• Thangag is a man and woman eloping
• Pegbya-an is when parents arrange the marriage
• Timuay/Datus are local leaders
• Balian/Babaylan are traditional spiritual leaders
• Core values: makatawo (pro-people), maka-diyos (pro-god), makakinabuhi (pro-life), maka-kakinaiyahan (pro-nature)
• Customary laws are called gontangan/bhetad/botad

Subanon Customs and Beliefs

• The Subanen language is spoken
• Men wear senumpa (long sleeve) and lambong (long slacks)
• Women wear tapis (skirt) and sinumpo (blouse)
• Beliefs include Solonsang, Babat (expressing feelings/storytelling/courtship), Panampot, and Buklog ceremony (thanksgiving)

Yakan Origins and Housing

• The Yakan's name may come from a misunderstanding from the spanish colonizers, they may have mistaken the name from the local tree, "Yakal"
• The Yakan ancestral domain is on Basilan Island/Zamboanga peninsula
• Lumah is the traditional Yakan house, consisting of the kitchen, main house, and Pantan or Porch
• Houses are scattered or built around Langgal (house of prayer)

Yakan Economy, Kinship, and Marriage

• Major economic resources include coconut and rubber, weaving including Tennun for traditional woven cloth, and sword making with Pira
• The Yakan have a patriarchal structure
• The Ammah (father) heads the family, with Inah (mother) and Anak (children) paying Pagtaat/Pagaddat (respect)
• Apoh (elders) or grandparents bring blessings
• Help from Usba-Waris (kin) and Pamikitan (distant kin)
• Usba pertains to paternal relatives, and Waris to maternal relatives

Yakan Marriage Customs

• Yakan adat (custom law) recognizes various marriages such as Muli (arranged with parental consent), Magtambul Bay (shotgun marriage), Magpasumbali (marriage involving suicide), Magpalah'i (elopement), and Ngalahi (abduction)
• Magkasa or Jina (adultery) was once punishable by death
• Magbutas (divorce) is permitted for reasons from prolonged suffering to sudden decisions

The Yakan Sociopolitical Organization

• Organized through their Parish system with their communities as a parish
• Leadership is headed by their respective Imam
• The roles of the Imam is to serve as their spiritual leader in which a council usually assists to help them govern
• Their language is the Sama language

Yakan Belief System

• Belief system includes customs include wedding ceremonies called Pagkawin
• They also have war dances named Tumahik
• Sinagan for healing rituals
• Pagsumbalih to prevent interference of Saytan

Ibaloi/Ibaloy Origins, Domain, and Economy

• "Baloy" means "living"
• The Ibaloi's ancestral domain is in Pangasinan and Itogon, Benguet
• Economic activities include farming, cattle herding, and gold panning

Ibaloi Customs and Social Structure

• Marriages are Kaising (arranged) or Kalon
• Ngilin or Arol is a wedding ceremony
• Ibaloi social stratification includes Poor (Abitug) and Rich (Baknang with Peshit and Akon wealth)
• Tongtong (council) governs each village, comprised of Baknang and wise men as Impanama/Pangamaen
• The language is Nabaloy
• Ibaloi religion blends animism/polytheism

Ibaloi Spiritual Beings and Beliefs

• The spirits of their ancestors named Amed are honored
• A supreme God is known as Kavuniyan or Kabunyan, but the Christian God Shivus is considered to also be a higher power
• Beliefs include Kabayan fire mummies and the Bedian dance ritual to honor successful defense
• Ibaloy Day is a communities way in celebrating for their judicial recognition of ancestral lands, held every 23rd of February
• Kiling festival involves a red-throated bird
• Owik is butchering pig, Tayaw ni Mabiday is a dance by surviving children after burial, and Dawit commemorates someone by inviting their presence with the offering of butchered pig

Ibaloi Clothing

• The men wear kubal or binoslan (white, black, and red)
• The women wears the Kambal or Samra in red, black, and a stripe of yellow-green, while A traditional bag called Kayabang-traditional basket

Hanunuo Mangyan

• The term "Mangyan" refers to the indigenous people living in Mindoro and they emphasize their identity with "Kami Hanunuo Mangyan", meaning "We are true Mangyan"
• Their ancestral domain is Mindoro island
• Their Farmlands called Magtamnan as their economic activities
• Bay-ong are their traditional bags
• Equipment for fishing solo/group comprises of lambat (net) and pangawil (fishing rod)
• A cross shaped design called Pakudos keeps harm away
• the Men wear Ba-ag and Balukas
• Women wear Ramit and Lambung

More Hanunuo Customs

• Their clothing is called Rutay, and their belts are called Hagkos
• Mama is the practice of chewing/exchanging betel nuts as friendship
• Pamaguhan is like a family reunion
• Hanunuo Burials begin with a Bara ceremony, where the corpse is weighed, wrapped and placed in a special Coffin
• Taruk is a perform dance that is often done after the ceremony of Pangutkutan

Hanunuo Society, Language, and Beliefs

• The Hanunuo sociopolitical structure is egalitarian (leaderless)
• The Manu’ngaw (rice chief) is a leading priest who preforms rituals of planting and other occasions
• They uses the Hanunuo Mangyan language-is a of script and the Surat Mangyan language is written using bamboo knives
• Ambahan is their traditional poetry written and sung down
• One of the people who was known to preserve their traditions with the art of amabahan was Ginaw Bilog
• Belief system involves Pangutkutan (honoring the departed), and Pamagpagan and Gasta (removing misfortune) by healers called Ambuyan
• The Daniw ritual is in hopes of preventing evil
• Mahal na Makaako being their supreme being

Sama Bajau/Sama Dilaut

• The Sama Bajua ancestral domain is in Zamboanga, Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi
• Economic activities include fish production and saling, farming for seaweed, and they also create boats
• Pagkawin(wedding) is a traditional word that represents that marriage in the Sama community
• Their famous dance is Pangalay, known mostly for their graceful movements
• Their are ceremonies held when a couple are wed, they often have Nipandi pangantin Danda:Ceremonial bathing of the bride-Akinawin Lala: Ceremonial bathing of the to groom
• Borak - White rice powder or turmeric (yellow ginger)
• Barge- a traditional vessel for the groom's procession to the bride's home or as part of the wedding rituals.
• Fluvial parade(ngamu ampun) is in a wedding is a traditional ceremony performed in coastal communities, where the groom participates in a procession using a boat or barge to meet the bride and carry out the wedding ceremony Pagsantik is a part of the marriage in their community
• Santikan Dada is what signifies the grooms acceptance for the marriage to his bride

Bajau Beliefs

• Pag-M’boh happens during a thanksgiving
• Protection against evil spirits
• A lifetime commitment/ Vow
• Tuhan-sama badjao supreme being
• M'boh is a spirit
• Ancestral Spirits, Spiritual Instruments, Elders and Offering Ritual
• Pagkanduli (Igal-Djin)-Coming Together or Communitarian Celebration
• The word Bansa is represented Spirit
• Tuan Laut are their spiritual beings of is male and Dayang Mangilai is female their the Wali Djin-Spirit

Kalinga Traditions

• Hinang-Hinangan-Ritual against sorcery
• Pagbayhu-Ritual for healing
• Pagputika'an-Ritual is set in place for a day of celebration to find lost objects

Kalinga People

• The name Kalinga, meant fighter and the Kalinga people also have another name, headhunters
• Another name that they were called were peacemakers
• Their ancestral domain is the Cordillera Administrative Region, Led by Tribal chiefs or leaders
• The Kalingan people always had Dulay with them as he was one of the most reliable to be in times of combat
• He united the different tribes together by bodong
• They are honored as as hero by the bantayog ng mga bayani in 1992

Kalinga and Their Traditions

• Their Economic Activities are Farming ,fishing ,Handicrafts which includes weaving and carving,Tattooing and Manufacturing just to name a couple
• Marriages follow a traditon named, Tugtukaw Ritual ( this ritual is a mutual understanding between each family if they agree with terms or what not)
• Two Categories of marriage

Kalinga Beliefs

• There are Uncarontated Marriages
• There are Marriage between lovers and widows or Males
• Their culture involves tribal leaders, peace pacts
• Their langaueg includes butbut and limos
• Healing rituals can be performed as to not harm one another and save one another from evil