Introduction to Anthropology, Psychology, Sociology

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Questions and Answers

Which discipline would primarily focus on the cultural norms of a specific community when examining societal issues?

  • Anthropology (correct)
  • Economics
  • Sociology
  • Psychology

A researcher studying the impact of poverty on mental health would most likely approach the issue from which perspective?

  • Anthropological
  • Psychological (correct)
  • Historical
  • Sociological

Which discipline would be most interested in studying the effects of social inequalities on the structure of society?

  • Anthropology
  • Political Science
  • Sociology (correct)
  • Psychology

What does the 'nature' side of the 'nature vs. nurture' debate primarily refer to?

<p>Biological makeup and genetics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a major factor in the changing concept of what it means to be human?

<p>Technological advancements and globalization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An anthropologist is likely to emphasize which of the following as a key aspect of being human?

<p>Complex cultural practices and tool use (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main contribution of Charles Darwin to our understanding of evolution?

<p>The theory of natural selection as a driver of evolution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes the modern perspective on 'nature versus nurture'?

<p>Both nature and nurture interact in shaping human traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept describes the process where better-adapted organisms survive and reproduce more successfully?

<p>Natural Selection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary area of study in the field of genetics?

<p>The study of genes, heredity, and variation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Donald Johanson best known for?

<p>Discovering the fossilized remains of 'Lucy' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines bipedalism?

<p>Walking on two legs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ape is considered humanity's closest relative?

<p>Chimpanzee (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hominin species is the first known to be associated with the use of simple tools?

<p>Homo Habilis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are known as 'Leakey's Angels'?

<p>Three female paleoanthropologists who contributed to the study of human evolution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ethnocentrism primarily involve?

<p>Evaluating other cultures with one's own standards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between rites of passage and cultural customs?

<p>Rites of passage mark significant life transitions, while cultural customs are everyday practices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to psychologists, which of these does NOT uniquely contribute to what makes humans human?

<p>Ability to hibernate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing sensory information?

<p>Parietal Lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cognitive process primarily involve?

<p>How we acquire, process, store, and retrieve information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, which part of the psyche represents our primal instincts and desires?

<p>Id (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of the Oedipus Complex?

<p>Unconscious desires for the parent of the opposite sex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best defines the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

<p>Classical conditioning associates an involuntary response with a stimulus, while operant focuses on behavior and its consequences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of an inferiority complex?

<p>A psychological condition marked by feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, what happens to performance as arousal increases beyond an optimal level?

<p>Performance decreases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is considered most basic and must be met first?

<p>Physiological needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Howard Gardner's model of multiple intelligences proposes that individuals may excel in different areas based on their unique strengths and talents. Which of the following is NOT considered a type of intelligence in Gardner's model?

<p>Emotional intelligence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what are the four criteria for identifying a mental disorder?

<p>Abnormal behavior, distress, impairment, and societal norms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the four potential causes/models of mental illness from information provided?

<p>Educational model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mental disorder is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest in activities?

<p>Major Depressive Disorder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does NCRD stand for in the context of criminal law?

<p>Not Criminally Responsible on account of Mental Disorder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor in determining if a person should be held criminally responsible, according to the content provided?

<p>The person's socioeconomic background. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy focuses on changing negative thought patterns and behaviors, and is often used for anxiety and depression?

<p>Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information, what are the elements that make us human from a sociological viewpoint?

<p>Our ability to create complex social structures, use language, develop culture, and form relationships. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these best describes the effect of gender studies on the field of social sciences?

<p>It broadens the understanding of social dynamics through various insights and promotes equality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between a social group and a social institution?

<p>Social groups are collections of interacting individuals, while social institutions are larger systems serving societal functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of socialization?

<p>The process through which individuals learn values, beliefs and norms of their culture. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core characteristic of social deviance?

<p>Violation of societal norms and expectations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does religion influence individuals in a society?

<p>It creates moral and ethical compasses, fosters community, and establishes social expectations and roles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of structural functionalism in relation to socialization?

<p>To maintain social order and stability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to information, how does Conflict Theory view the process of socialization?

<p>As a means to perpetuate inequality and maintain power structures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does family primarily act as an agent of socialization?

<p>By introducing societal norms and values, and shaping personal development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term socioeconomics imply with respect to socialization?

<p>It describes an individual's access to opportunities, resources, and social mobility, influencing their future. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does media function in society regarding individual development?

<p>It delivers information, forms public opinion, impacts societal standards, and generates cultural trends. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Charles Darwin’s major contribution to evolutionary biology?

<p>The theory of natural selection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific achievement is Gregor Mendel known for?

<p>Establishing the laws of inheritance using pea plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What field of study was Louis Leakey fundamental in establishing?

<p>Paleoanthropology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Dian Fossey’s contribution to the study of primates?

<p>Her extensive research and conservation efforts on mountain gorillas in Rwanda. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What breakthrough finding is 'Lucy' associated with in the context of human evolution?

<p>Insight into the early bipedal movement of our ancestors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Donald Johanson renowned for in anthropology?

<p>Discovering the fossil of 'Lucy' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core idea behind Franz Boas' impact on anthropology?

<p>The idea that culture dictates human behavior and that societies must be understood on their own terms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)?

<p>To categorize individuals into distinct personality types to understand personal preferences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of Harry Harlow’s research?

<p>The nature of love and social attachment and effects of social isolation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anthropology

The study of human societies, cultures, and their development.

Psychology

The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behavior.

Sociology

The study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society.

Nature vs. Nurture

The debate about whether genetics (nature) or environment (nurture) primarily shapes human behavior and traits.

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Nature

This refers to our biological makeup, including genetic inheritance and innate abilities.

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Nurture

This encompasses our upbringing, experiences, and environmental factors that influence our development.

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Charles Darwin

A famous English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.

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Natural Selection

The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully.

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What is Natural Selection?

The process where organisms better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more, passing on beneficial traits to future generations, thus driving evolution.

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Why are the Galapagos Islands important?

These islands played a pivotal role in Darwin's development of his theory of evolution by natural selection. The unique species found there helped him understand how adaptation and variation occur.

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What is Genetics?

The study of genes, heredity, and how traits are passed down from parents to offspring.

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Who is Donald Johanson?

A paleoanthropologist who discovered the fossil remains of "Lucy", a female hominin in 1974, providing valuable insights into human evolution.

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What is a 'hominid'?

Refers to a member of the biological family Hominidae, including modern humans and their direct ancestors.

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What does 'bipedal' mean?

Walking on two legs, a characteristic feature of humans and some other primates.

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What is humanity’s closest ape relative?

A chimpanzee is our closest living relative.

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Describe Australopithecus.

Lived 4-2 million years ago, exhibiting both ape-like and human-like features, known for bipedalism.

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Describe Homo habilis.

Appeared around 2.8 to 1.4 million years ago, known for using simple tools.

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Describe Homo erectus.

Emerged around 2 million years ago, used fire and migrated out of Africa.

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Describe Homo heidelbergensis.

Lived around 600,000 to 200,000 years ago, known for larger brains and more advanced tools.

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Describe Homo neanderthalensis.

Existed from 400,000 to 40,000 years ago, adapted to cold climates, known for tools and symbolic behaviors.

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Describe Homo sapiens.

Modern humans, emerged around 300,000 years ago, known for complex language, culture, and advanced tools.

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Who were Leakey's Angels?

A group of three female paleoanthropologists who significantly contributed to the study of human evolution: Mary Leakey, Dian Fossey, and Jane Goodall.

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What is Ethnocentrism?

The belief that one's own culture is superior to others, judging other cultures by one's own standards.

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Inferiority Complex

A psychological condition characterized by feelings of inadequacy, worthlessness, and incompetence compared to others, leading to low self-esteem and a lack of self-confidence.

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Yerkes-Dodson Law

This law suggests that performance increases with arousal, but only up to a certain point. After that optimal point, performance declines.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A hierarchical model that outlines five levels of human needs, starting from basic physiological needs and progressing to self-actualization.

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Interpersonal Intelligence

The capacity to understand and interact with others. This includes skills like empathy, communication, and cooperation.

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Intrapersonal Intelligence

The ability to understand one's own emotions, thoughts, and motivations.

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Naturalistic Intelligence

The ability to interact with the natural world, recognizing patterns and relationships in nature.

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NCRD (Not Criminally Responsible on account of Mental Disorder)

A legal defense in Canada where a person is deemed not criminally responsible for their actions due to a significant mental disorder at the time of the offense.

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A form of therapy that focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviors. It aims to help individuals develop more adaptive coping mechanisms.

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Psychodynamic Therapy

A therapy that explores past experiences and unconscious processes to understand present behavior. It focuses on resolving deep-seated emotional issues.

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Group Therapy

A group setting where individuals with similar problems meet to share experiences, support each other, and learn coping strategies.

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Social Group

A collection of individuals who interact and share a sense of unity.

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Social Institution

A larger, organized system that fulfills societal functions, like education, healthcare, or government.

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Socialization

The process by which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of their society or culture.

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Structural Functionalism

This theory sees socialization as a way to maintain social order and stability by teaching norms and values that integrate individuals into society.

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Conflict Theory

This theory views socialization as a process that perpetuates inequality and maintains power structures by reinforcing existing social hierarchies.

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Cohesion vs. Conflict Argument

A debate in sociology exploring whether socialization promotes social harmony or deepens social divisions and power imbalances.

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Social Deviance

Behaviors or actions that violate societal norms and expectations. It refers to actions considered unacceptable or outside the bounds of what is considered normal by a community.

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Religion as a Socializing Agent

A major influence on socialization. It provides a framework for morals, ethical guidelines, community, identity, social roles, and support. It shapes individual behavior and broad social norms.

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Family as a Socializing Agent

The primary agent of socialization. It shapes values, beliefs, and behaviors, provides the initial environment for learning social norms, and influences personal development and social interactions.

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Socioeconomics as a Socializing Agent

A significant influence on socialization. It shapes access to resources, opportunities, and social mobility, influencing lifestyles, education, and careers. It can reinforce or challenge social inequalities.

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Media as a Socializing Agent

A powerful agent of socialization. It shapes public opinion, disseminates information, influences cultural norms, promotes social change, sets trends, frames societal issues, and affects perceptions and behaviors.

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Evolution

The biological process of change over time, leading to new species. It's driven by natural selection, where organisms with advantageous traits survive and reproduce.

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Paleoanthropology

The study of the origins and development of humans, including fossils, genetics, and archaeology.

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Primatology

The study of primates, including apes, monkeys, and humans. It focuses on behavior, communication, and social structure.

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Lucy

A famous fossil of an Australopithecus afarensis, discovered in Ethiopia in 1974. It provides insights into human evolution.

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Donald Johanson

A renowned American paleoanthropologist best known for the discovery of Lucy.

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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

A popular personality assessment tool that groups individuals into personality types based on four dichotomies: Introversion/Extroversion, Sensing/Intuition, Thinking/Feeling, Judging/Perceiving.

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Harry Harlow

An influential psychologist known for his studies on social isolation and the nature of love and attachment.

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Study Notes

Key Course Concepts

  • Anthropology: The study of human societies, cultures, and their development.
  • Psychology: The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, focusing on behavior.
  • Sociology: The study of human society's development, structure, and functioning.
  • Nature vs. Nurture Debate: A discussion about the relative importance of genetics (nature) and environment (nurture) in shaping human behavior and traits. Experts generally agree both play a significant role.
  • Changing Human Role: The concept of being human has evolved, shifting from survival and social structures to intellectual achievements and technology.

Disciplinary Approaches to Societal Issues

  • Anthropology: Focuses on cultural practices, norms, and traditions within a society, exploring how these factors shape individual behavior.
  • Psychology: Analyzes issues through the lens of individual behavior, emotions, mental processes, and their impact on mental well-being.
  • Sociology: Investigates social structures, institutions, and systems shaping society as a whole. Explores power dynamics, social inequalities, and group interactions.

Human Origins

  • What Makes Us Human (Anthropologist's Perspective): Complex cultures, language use, advanced tools, abstract thinking, and intricate social structures.
  • Charles Darwin: Famous English naturalist, developed the theory of evolution through natural selection, and a pivotal figure in developmental biology.
  • Natural Selection: The process where better-adapted organisms survive and reproduce more successfully, passing on advantageous traits.
  • Galapagos Islands: Crucial in shaping Darwin's theory of evolution. Unique species present there provided key observations and insights.
  • Genetics: The study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms, understanding how traits are inherited.
  • Donald Johanson: Discovered "Lucy," a well-preserved hominin fossil that shed light on early human bipedal locomotion and lifestyle.
  • Hominid: Member of the biological family Hominidae, including modern humans and ancestors.
  • Bipedal: Walking on two legs, a characteristic trait of humans.
  • Closest Ape Relative: Chimpanzee.
  • Human Evolution Steps (Australopithecus to Homo Sapiens): Australopithecus (4-2 million years ago, bipedal), Homo habilis (2.8-1.4 million years ago, simple tool use), Homo erectus (2 million years ago, fire use, migration), Homo heidelbergensis (600,000-200,000 years ago, larger brains, advanced tools), Homo neanderthalensis (400,000-40,000 years ago, cold adaptation, tools, symbolic behavior), Homo sapiens (300,000 years ago, complex language, culture, advanced tools).

Cultural Anthropology

  • Leakey's Angels: Mary Leakey (early hominins), Dian Fossey (mountain gorillas), and Jane Goodall (chimpanzees).
  • Ethnocentrism: Belief in one's own culture's superiority, judging others by one's standards.
  • Ethnography: Cultural study method using direct observation and participation.
  • Rites of Passage: Ceremonies marking significant life transitions (birth, marriage).
  • Cultural Customs: Everyday practices and traditions unique to a culture.

Psychology

  • What Makes Us Human (Psychologist's Perspective): The ability to think abstractly, use complex language, exhibit self-awareness, and form deep social connections.
  • Brain Parts and Functions: Frontal Lobe (decision-making), Parietal Lobe (sensory), Occipital Lobe (visual), Temporal Lobe (memory, hearing).
  • Cognitive Process: How we acquire, process, store, and retrieve information.
  • Psychoanalysis: Therapy exploring unconscious thoughts and feelings.
  • Freud's Human Psyche Parts: Id (instincts), ego (reality), superego (morals).
  • Oedipus Complex: A Freudian theory about young children having unconscious desires for their opposite-sex parent.
  • Classical vs. Operant Conditioning: Classical (Pavlov, involuntary response), Operant (Skinner, behavior-consequences).
  • Cognitive Bias: Systematic deviations from rationality in judgments.
  • Examples of Tests for Cognitive Bias: Implicit Association Test (IAT), Stroop Test, Framing Effect Test.
  • Inferiority Complex: Psychological condition of feeling inadequate or incompetent.
  • Yerkes-Dodson Law: Performance increases with arousal up to an optimal point, then decreases.
  • Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow): Physiological, Safety, Social, Esteem, Self-Actualization.
  • Multiple Intelligence Model (Gardner): Linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic intelligence.

Clinical Psychology

  • Mental Disorder Criteria: Abnormal behavior, distress, impairment, societal norms.
  • Mental Illness Models: Biological, psychological, social, biopsychosocial.
  • Mental Disorder Examples:
  • Anxiety Disorders: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD).
  • Mood Disorders: Major Depressive Disorder.
  • Psychotic Disorders: Schizophrenia.
  • Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa.
  • Personality Disorders: Borderline Personality Disorder.
  • NCRD: Not Criminally Responsible on account of Mental Disorder – a legal defense. Factors include a diagnosed mental disorder, impacting understanding of actions, and knowing right from wrong.
  • Treatments: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), medication, psychodynamic therapy, group therapy.

Sociology

  • What Makes Us Human (Sociologist's Perspective): Creation of complex social structures, language use, culture development, and intricate relationships.
  • Social Group vs. Social Institution: Social group (individuals interacting, unity); social institution (larger, organized system fulfilling societal functions).
  • Socialization: The process of learning societal values, beliefs, and norms.
  • Structural Functionalism vs. Conflict Theory: Functionalism emphasizes social order and integration; conflict theory highlights inequality and power imbalances.
  • Gender Impact on Social Sciences: Impacts research topics, theories (e.g., feminist theory), and methodologies (qualitative approaches).
  • Social Deviance: Behaviors violating societal norms.
  • Agents of Socialization: Family, Religion, Socioeconomics, Media.

People to Know

  • Charles Darwin: Evolutionary biologist.
  • Gregor Mendel: Father of genetics.
  • Louis Leakey: Paleoanthropologist, human evolution discoveries in Africa.
  • Dian Fossey: Primatologist, studied gorillas.
  • Jane Goodall: Primatologist, chimpanzee researcher.
  • Lucy: Famous hominin fossil.
  • Donald Johanson: Paleoanthropologist, Lucy discoverer.
  • Franz Boas: Father of American anthropology.
  • Myers-Briggs: Personality assessment tool (MBTI).
  • Harry Harlow: Psychologist, social isolation, attachment.
  • Sigmund Freud: Founder of psychoanalysis.
  • Abraham Maslow: Developed hierarchy of needs.
  • Philip Zimbardo: Conducted Stanford Prison Experiment.
  • Stanley Milgram: Conducted obedience studies.
  • Ivan Pavlov: Researcher on classical conditioning.

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