Introduction to Anthropology

Anthropology Basics

• Anthropology is the study of humanity
• Anthropos means "human being"
• Logia means "study"
• Anthropology is interdisciplinary
• It also employs the scientific method

Major Fields of Anthropology

• Cultural anthropology studies the diversity of human societies across time and space
• Cultural anthropology also looks for commodities across societies
• A holistic approach involves linking the global and the local
• It also links the past and present
• Ethnography is the practice by cultural archeologists to record and analyze cultures
• Ethnography requires fieldwork to collect data
• Ethnography focuses on specific groups or communities
• Participant observation means immersive, hands-on learning where the researcher is immersed in a culture
• Ethnology is an attempt to explain how and why a culture functions
• Ethnology uses data collected by a series of researchers and is usually synthetic and comparative

Other Types of Anthropology

• Biological anthropology deals with the evolution of humans, their variability, and adaptation to environmental stresses
• Linguistic anthropology studies the nature of human language
• Archeology studies people in both the past and present
• Archeology uses material remains as evidence
  • Eco facts are natural remains related to humans like plants and animal remains
  • Artifacts are human-made material items
  • Features are immovable material remains like structures and walls

Cultural Perspectives

• Ethnocentrism, according to William G. Summer, is viewing things with one's own group at the center of everything
  • Ethno refers to local or people
  • Centrism refers to center
• Xenocentrism, as defined by Donald P. Kent and Robert G. Burnignt, is viewing a group other than one's own as the center of attraction
  • Xeno means foreign
  • Centrism means center
• Deviant behavior is when a person does not value their own culture over another
• Cultural appropriation involves taking aspects or elements of another culture without understanding their significance
• Power dynamics relates to who has the power to take from someone else without consequences
• Ellen Rock states that cultural appropriation often removes the origins and heritage of something for company profit

Cultural Concepts

• Cultural relativism means viewing other cultures based on their own values and point of view
• Cultural appreciation means celebrating a culture by learning about it with permission
• Cross-cultural relationships involve acknowledgement, respect, and understanding of diverse lives
• Culture, according to Edward Taylor, is the complex whole of knowledge, belief, arts, moral, law, custom, and other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society
• Society consists of patterns of relationships among people within a specified territory
• Sociocultural systems have defining characteristics

Characteristics of Culture in Sociocultural Systems

• Enculturation means a child learns his or her culture
• Cultures are shared, symbolic, all-encompassing, and integrated
• Cultures can be adaptive as well as maladaptive

Indigenous Culture

• Indigenous culture is defined by ancestral domain/land
• Aspects of indigenous culture include language, economic activities, sociopolitical organization, kinship and marriage systems, and belief systems
• Land has communal ownership meaning it belongs to everybody
• Ancestral domains are territories that rightfully belong to indigenous peoples

RA 8371 (IPRA)

• Indigenous People's Rights Act of 1997 provides IPs with:
  • The Right of ownership
  • The Right to develop lands and natural resources
  • The Right to stay in the territories
  • The Right in case of displacement
  • The Right to regulate entry of migrants
  • The Right to safe and clean environments
  • The Right to claim parts of reservation,
  • The Right to resolve conflict

UNDRIP

• The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) exists

Subsistence and Political Structures

• A subsistence economy is primarily for family and community with only the surplus being marketed
• Indigenous political structures refer to traditional governance systems and institutions within indigenous communities
• The Right to self-governance means recognizing and respecting the autonomy of IPs

Legal and Familial Customs

• Customary laws are unwritten
• They are based on customs, traditions, family, and economic relations
• Nuclear families consist of children and parents
• Extended families consist of three or more generations
• Joint or collateral families include cousins and spouses

Descent and Marriage Customs

• Matrilinear descent is traced through women only
• Patrilinear descent is traced through men only
• Matrilocality is when married couples reside in the wife's community
• Patrilocality is when married couples reside in the husband's community
• Plural marriage (polygamy) unites more than two spouses
• Polygyny is the practice of having more than one wife
• Polyandry is the practice of having more than one husband
• Exogamy is the practice of seeking a spouse outside one's own group
• Endogamy is mating or marriage within the group

Social Concepts

• Homogamy is marrying someone familiar, like a member of the same social class
• Ethnicity is identifying a group based on a perceived cultural distinctiveness
• This distinctiveness can make the group into a "people"

Mixed Marriage

• Case I: Mixed IP parents
  • Children below 13 take the ethnicity of their mother
  • Children 13 years and older can choose their ethnicity
• Case II: Mixed IP and non-IP parents
  • Children follow the ethnicity of the IP parent
• Case III: Mixed IP and Muslim parents
  • Children follow the father's ethnicity
  • Muslims are paternalistic

Community and Spiritualism

• Community participation relies on ritual activities to bind people
• Shamans are priests or priestesses who communicate with spirits or gods
• Diviners from Africa believe they can foretell future events by reading signs
• Language is shaped by the environment and forms the basis of a unique tongue

Dumaget/Domaget People

• The Dumagets ancestral domain is located within the Sierra Madre range
  • This includes Central Luzon, Aurora, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan and Calabarzon, Rizal, and Quezon
• Subkal'n-Is'suwi ICCA is a sacred ancestral ground
• Economic activities
  • Dumagat relies on fishing
  • Dumagat remontado focuses on farming, gathering, and hunting

Clothing and Leadership

• Men wear baag or ginat
• Women wear tapis
• Salong is a traditional family shelter typically found by the sea
• Key leadership roles: Manganup, or Monledup
• Highest leader is referred to as Kaksaan or Mangomden
• Pamon esabiyan is an event exclusive to community leaders and elders
  • The dumaget tagebulos refer to it as "surot-sorotan"
  • The dumaget edimala refer to it as "munpolung tam"

Dumaget Language, Traditions, and Rituals

• Kabolowen is the dominant language in plains and mountainous areas Edimala is used in rocky areas or caves
• Tagebulos is used near the shoreline
• Panogpoy is a thanksgiving ritual for Makadepat
• Adow ne dumaget is a festival celebrating native culture
• Subkal is sacred prayer
• Sambit is a healing ritual using balete bark and a twig to identify the cause of individual illness
• Pagbu is a traditional wrestling game for men
• Dupdupit is a ritual that protect children from evil
• Agpas is a pre-healing ritual involving incantation and offering

Dumaget Remontado Rituals

• Ngayangay requests blessings
• Pagbubuga involves medicinal plants
• Mali is a physical game during a full moon

Subanon/Subanen/Subanu People

• The name is from the word Suba, meaning river, in Visayas and Mindanao
• The suffix -nen denotes moving upstream
• The Subanens ancestral domain is the Zamboanga Peninsula

Subanen Economy

• The Subanen Highlands are for planting rice without permanent irrigation, called "gobod"
• The Lowlands are for planting rice and vegetables
• Ghiklot phurang is a fish valued by the Subanen
• Thinumpin is shredded cassava wrapped in banana leaves and grilled

Subanen Marriage and Social Structure

• Gembay is mutual consent between parties
• The man asks the woman's hand for marriage
• Gumbay is when a man desires marriage
• Dlusud is when the man will not leave unless he can marry the woman
• Gulli' is when a woman forces a man to marry her
• Thangag is when a man and woman elope
• Pegbya-an is when parents arrange a marriage
• Timuay or datus are local leaders
• Balian or babaylan are traditional spiritual leaders

Customary Laws and Values

• The Subanen have customary laws called gontangan/bhetad or botad
• Their core values are: Makatawo (pro-people), Maka-diyos (pro-god), Makakinabuhi (pro-life), Maka-kakinaiyahan (pro-nature)

Subanen Culture

• The Subanen speak Subanen
• Men wear senumpa (long sleeve) and lambong (long slacks)
• Women wear tapis (skirt) and sinumpo (blouse)
• They have a belief system that consists of: Solonsang, Babat (expressing feelings through storytelling and courtship), Panampot, and Buklog ceremony (thanksgiving)

Yakan People Origins and Location

• The name Yakan comes from the local tree "yakal"
• The ancestral domain is Basilan Island and Zamboanga Peninsula
• These areas became a refuge for displaced Yakan communities

Yakan Housing and Economy

• Lumah are traditional Yakan houses
• They consist of a kitchen, main house, and pantan or porch
• Houses are scattered around a langgal (house of prayer)
• Major economic resources are coconut and rubber
• Weaving is common
• Tennun is for creating the Yakan woven cloth
• They also make swords called pira

Yakan Kinship and Beliefs

• Kinship is patriarchal
• The ammah (father) leads the family
• The inah (mother) and anak (children) pay him pagtaat/pagaddat (respect)
• Elders or grandparents (apoh) bring blessings
• People seek help from usba-waris (kin) and pamikitan (distant kin)
  • Usba are paternal relatives
  • Waris are maternal relatives

Yakan Marriage Practices

• The Yakan adat recognize various marriages
  • Muli is arranged with parental consent
  • Magtambul bay is "shotgun" (Fil. pikot)
  • Magpasumbali involves suicide
  • Magpalah'i is elopement
  • Ngalahi is abduction
• Magkasa or Jina (adultery) was once punishable by death
• Magbutas (divorce) is permitted for various reasons

Yakan Social Structure and Religion

• The Yakan community is organized into parishes with a parish system
• Leadership is headed by an imam
• The imam is a spiritual leader supported by a council
• They speak Sama language
• The Yakan belief system involves: PAGKAWIN (wedding ceremony), TUMAHIK (war dance), SINAGAN (healing ritual), and PAGSUMBALIH (preventing saytan interference)

Ibaloi/Ibaloy People Origins and Location

• The term "baloy" comes from "bilay", meaning "living"
• Their ancestral domain is Pangasinan, resettled in Itogon, Benguet

Ibaloi Economy

• Includes farming, herding cattle, and gold panning

Ibaloi Marriage and Leadership

• Kaising is arranged marriage
• There is also Kalon, an unspecified type of marriage
• Ngilin/arol is a wedding ceremony
• The social stratification includes the poor (abitug) and rich (baknang)
• Types of wealth are called peshit and akon
• Tongtong is a village council of wise men, known as impanama or pangamaen

Ibaloi Language and Spiritual World

• Ibaloi speak nabaloy
• They have a religious system that combines animism and polytheism
• They honor amed (ancestor spirits)
• They believe in a supreme being, Kavuniyan (Kabunyan)
• They view the Christian God (Shivus) as a higher power than Kavuniyan/Kabunyan

Ibaloi Beliefs and Culture

• Belief system involves Kabayan fire mummies
• Bedian dance: a victory dance for defense
• Ibaloy day: celebrates the judicial recognition of ancestral lands
• Kiling festival features a bird with a red throat
• Owik is a ritual for butchering a pig
• Tayaw ni mabiday: a dance of the living after a burial
• Dawit is a ritual for remembering the dead

Ibaloi Clothing and Crafts

• Men: kubal or binoslan (white, black, and red)(baknang)
• Women: kambal or samra (red, black, and yellow-green)(baknang) or kambal or samra (black and white)(abitug)
• Kayabang: traditional basket

Hanunuo (Mangyan) People

• The term "mangyan" refers to indigenous Filipinos in Mindoro
• They call themselves "Kami Hanunuo Mangyan" or "We are true Mangyan"
• Hanunuo means true or real
• Their ancestral domain is Mindoro Island
• Economic activities: farming (Magtamnan)

Hanunuo Traditions

• They create handicrafts such as the bay-ong, a traditional bag
• Fishing
  • They engage in solo and group fishing

Hanunuo attires and practices

• They use the lambat net and the pangawil fishing rod
• They have clothing items
  • Pakudos: cross shaped design to keep harm away
  • Men wear ba-ag and balukas
  • Women wear ramit and lambung
• Their clothing is called rutay, and they were belts called hagkos
• Mama is chewing and exchanging betel nuts
• Pamaguhan is a family reunion

Hanunuo Burial and Society

• The Hanunuo conduct elaborate burial rituals
• The ceremony called bara weighs the corpse
• The body is wrapped in ling-linga, a bamboo coffin Taruk is a traditional dance after pangutkutan which is one of the rituals.
• Their sociopolitical structure is egalitarian and leaderless
• Manu'ngaw (rice chief) is a leading priest

Hanunuo Religious Practices

• Panudlakan performs magico-religious rites
• The Hanunuo language is the Hununuo Mangyan script, "Surat Mangyan" written with knives
• Ambahan: traditional poetry
• Ginaw Bilog preserved the Mangyan poetry tradition of ambahan

The Belief System

• Pangutkutan honors the departed, processing of shaping the remains is known as sinakot.
• Pamagpagan and gasta are performed by healers to remove misfortune
• Daniw ritual is a prayer
• Mahal na makaako is the Hanunuo supreme being

Sama Bajau/Sama Diluat Origin and Location

• Their ancestral domain is areas such as Zamboanga, Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi

Sama Bajau/Sama Diluat Economic Activities

• The Economic activities include
  • Fishing
  • Producing and selling baluy
  • Seaweed farming
  • Boat making

Sama Bajau/Sama Diluat Traditions

• Marriage is known as Pagkawin(wedding) and the traditional term for marriage is referred among the Sama Dilaut as Badjao
• They perform pangalay, which is a traditional dance of Sama Dilaut that is widely known for it's graceful hand and body movements.

Sama Bajau/Sama Diluat Rituals

• The Rituals involved are:- - Nipandi pangantin panda-ceremonial bathing of the bride - Akinawin Lala-ceremonial bathing of the groom - Borak -- White rice powder or turmeric (yellow ginger)

The Wedding Customs

_ Barge-an important in traditional weddings,. where it is used as a vessel for the groom's procession whether it's procession to the bride's home or a part of the wedding rituals. _ Fluvial Parade (Ngamu Ampun) -- In a wedding it is a traditional ceremony in coastal communities. The Groom participates in a procession using a boat and Barge to meet thr bride and further carry out the wedding ceremonies _ Pagsantik is a part of the wedding ceremonies. _ Santikan dada is a ritual which signifies the groom's formal acceptance of his bride during the wedding ceremony.

• The belief system:-

  • Pag-M'boh (is done during)-- Thanksgiving and it is done for:-

    • protection against evil spirits - A lifetime commitment/vow.
    • Tuhan -- Sama Badjao supreme being.

    _M'Boh -- Ancestral spirits, spiritual Instruments, Elders and offering ritual.

  • Pagkanduli (Igal- Din) -- Is for coming together or Communitarian Celebration and Bansa is represented as:-

  _ Male spirit - Tuan Laut _ Female spirit-- Dayang Mangilai

The Sama Bajau's Spirit Leaders

• wali Djin--spirit Medium the Bearers are:- _male -- lgal Djin Lella _ female-- lgal Djinin Denda _ Hinang - Hinangan-- Ritual against sorcery _ Paghayhu--Ritual for healing _ Pagputika'an -- Ritual to ditermine days where it fortell the future and find lost objects.

Kalinga's Culture

• The word Kalinga means fighter & head taker in the lbanag which further tells Ga' Dang language & Kalinga people are now known as peace makers and head hunters

The Leaders and Territorial Custom

• In Kalinga territory is lead by Tribal Leaders with their ancestral domain at the cordillera administrative region (CAR) and that they govern to the bodong which ensures a peace pact system

Distinguished Key Figures

 -- Dulag ,Macli -- ing

--- He is a respected elder ( Pangat) of the bubut tribe in Kalinga --- He is is one of the voice in times of conflits on the chico river dam --- He united different cordillera tribes through bodong --- He was Honored 1992 as a Hero by the bantayog ng mga bayani

Economical Lifestyle

• The known farming is found through their rice terraces, also fishing is done
• Handicraft consists of _ weaving ,- pottery, - wood carving and - tattooing-Batok(whang od
• Manufacturing their own materials and tools

Marital Customs

_ Tugtukaw Ritual--Only happens if there is a mutual understanding

• • Two classification of customary marriage in Kalinga are:-
    • 1:Contracted marriage ( arrange marriage)
    • 2:Uncontracted marriage -Two catogories-- _ Marriage between lovers _ marriage between a widow and a widower

Social Custom and Common Language

• All together the Kalinga Tribe composed of 31 subtribe across 8 municipalities or settlements. Follows the most known consensus system which is administered by the pangat or leaders.
• Li podon / Peacepact is the biggest social oganization among the members in the region All political leader ship is in the hands individals known as * Mingols The languange they all share is kalinga which consist of ex:. Butbut Kalinga and-- Limbs Kalinga and--- Lubuagan Kalinga

The Beliefs

A common Belief is shown with Agpas- a healing ritual performed by a healer or mandadawak andDupdupit( Ritual performed by the elders to protect childeren ) also Kabkah some cleaning rituals. bodong festival--Formely known as ullalim festival and also The festival known as Matagoan is to show expressively the celebrations heritage culture and traditions Salidsid / tuppaya-- A dance being done or a community dance member for occasions such as the festives like marriage celebrations.