Introduction to Anatomy Lecture 1 Quiz

Introduction to Anatomy

• Anatomy is the oldest scientific discipline of medicine, focusing on the structure and function of the body, including its systems, organs, and tissues.
• The term "anatomy" comes from the Greek words "ana" (up) and "tomy" (cutting).

Branches of Anatomy

• Gross (macroscopic) Anatomy: • Regional Gross Anatomy • Systemic Gross Anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy: • Histology • Cytology
• Surface Anatomy: • Deals with anatomical features that can be studied by sight, without dissection. • Important for physical examination, such as auscultation and percussion.

Anatomical Position

• The anatomical position is a standard reference point for describing the body's position and movements.
• In this position, the body is standing upright, with feet together, and arms at the sides.

Terms of Laterality

• Bilateral: Paired structures having right and left members (e.g., the kidneys).
• Unilateral: Structures occurring on one side only (e.g., the spleen).
• Ipsilateral: Occurring on the same side of the body as another structure.
• Contralateral: Occurring on the opposite side of the body relative to another structure.

Terms of Position (Directional Terms)

• Supine: When the body is lying on the back.
• Prone: When the body is lying on the face.
• Intermediate: Between two surfaces.
• Deep: Deeper to the surface.

Terms of Movement

• Flexion: Decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body.
• Extension: Increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body.
• Lateral Flexion: Moving the trunk in the coronal plane.
• Abduction: Moving a limb in the coronal plane away from the midline of the body.
• Adduction: Moving a limb in the coronal plane towards the midline of the body.
• Rotation: Moving a part of the body around its long axis.
• Medial Rotation: Turning the anterior surface towards the midline.
• Lateral Rotation: Turning the anterior surface away from the midline.
• Supination: Lateral rotation of the forearm, so the palm of the hand faces anteriorly.
• Pronation: Medial rotation of the forearm, so the palm of the hand faces posteriorly.
• Eversion: Moving the foot so that the sole faces laterally.
• Inversion: Moving the foot so that the sole faces medially.
• Circumduction: A circular movement of a body part, such as a ball-and-socket joint or the eye.
• Protrusion: Moving a part of the body anteriorly (forward).
• Retrusion: Moving a part of the body posteriorly (backward).

Body Cavities

• Body cavities are spaces within the body that contain vital organs.
• Major cavities: • Dorsal cavities: Cranial and vertebral cavities, which are continuous with each other at the base of the skull through the foramen magnum. • Ventral cavities: Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, separated by the diaphragm.
• Minor cavities: • Nasal, orbital, ear, oral, and synovial cavities.

Integumentary System: Skin

• Skin is the body's largest organ, consisting of the epidermis and dermis.
• Functions of the skin: • Protection • Heat regulation • Sensation • Synthesis and storage of vitamin D.

Skin Layers

• Epidermis: • Stratified squamous epithelium. • A superficial keratin (dead tissue) layer. • A deeper regenerative cellular layer.
• Dermis: • Deep to the epidermis. • Consists of collagen and elastic fibers. • Contains hair follicles, arrector pili muscle, and sebaceous glands.

Subcutaneous Tissue (Superficial Fascia)

• Composed of loose connective tissue.
• Incisions parallel to these lines tend to heal with lesser scar formation.

Fascia

• Constitutes the wrapping, packing, and insulating materials of the deep structures of the body.
• Types of fascia: • Superficial fascia (subcutaneous tissue). • Deep fascia:
  • A layer of dense connective tissue that can surround individual muscles.
  • Surrounds groups of muscles to separate into fascial compartments. • Intermuscular septa:
  • Thick sheets of deep fascia that separate muscles in the limbs.
  • Extend centrally from the surrounding fascia to attach to bones. • Retinacula:
  • A band around tendons that holds them in place.
  • Not part of any muscle. • Bursae:
  • Closed sacs or envelopes of serous membrane.
  • Occur in locations subject to friction, enabling one structure to move more freely over another.