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What type of anatomy focuses on the structure and function of the body?
What is the primary role of negative feedback mechanisms in the body?
To maintain homeostasis by keeping variable values within a normal range.
The ______ position refers to a person lying face up.
supine
What are the major organs located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen?
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Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
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Positive feedback mechanisms help maintain homeostasis.
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What is the primary function of the serous membranes?
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The abdominal cavity contains the ______ cavity.
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What are the characteristics of life?
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Match the body cavities with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Anatomy
- Focuses on the structure of the body
- Deals with the parts of the body and their functions
- Sub-fields include systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, surface anatomy, and anatomical imaging
Physiology
- Focuses on the processes of living things
- Concerned with how the body works
- Sub-fields include human physiology, cellular physiology, and systemic physiology
Characteristics of Life
- Organization: Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
- Metabolism: Chemical processes in the body – catabolism and anabolism
- Responsiveness: Ability to react to changes in the environment
- Growth: Increase in size
- Development: Changes that occur during lifespan
- Reproduction: Formation of new cells or organisms
Homeostasis
- The maintenance of a stable internal environment
- Essential for survival
- Affected by disease
- Modern medicine plays a role in restoring homeostasis
Negative Feedback
- A mechanism that maintains a variable within a normal range
- Involves receptors, a control center, and effectors
- Example: Sweating and shivering to regulate body temperature
Positive Feedback
- A mechanism that increases the deviation from a normal range
- Example: Blood clotting during injury
- Often responsible for disease states
Anatomical Position
- Standard body position for anatomical reference
- Standing erect, facing forward, palms facing forward, feet together
Directional Terms
- Right & Left: Describes the body relative to the observer, not the subject.
- Superior & Inferior: Describes positions along the vertical axis, with superior being higher and inferior being lower.
- Anterior & Posterior: Describes positions along the front-to-back axis, with anterior being front and posterior being back.
- Ventral & Dorsal: Similar to anterior & posterior but used more commonly in animal anatomy.
- Proximal & Distal: Describes relative positions on a limb, with proximal being closer to the point of attachment and distal being farther away.
- Medial & Lateral: Describes relative positions on a structure, with medial being closer to the midline and lateral being farther away.
- Superficial & Deep: Describes relative positions within the body, with superficial being closer to the surface and deep being farther away.
Body Parts and Regions
- Abdomen: Divided into 9 regions or 4 quadrants for anatomical reference.
Abdominal Regions
- Right Hypochondriac: Contains the liver, gallbladder, right kidney, and small and large intestines.
- Epigastric: Houses the duodenum, liver, pancreas, and stomach.
- Left Hypochondriac: Includes the left kidney, large and small intestines, pancreas, spleen, stomach, and the tip of the liver.
- Right Lumbar: Consists of the ascending colon, right kidney, and small intestine.
- Umbilical: Contains the duodenum, small intestine, and transverse colon.
- Left Lumbar: Includes parts of the descending colon, left kidney, and small intestine.
- Right Iliac: Houses parts of the appendix, ascending colon, cecum, and small intestine.
- Hypogastric: Contains the bladder, sigmoid colon, reproductive organs, and small intestine.
- Left Iliac region: Includes the descending colon, sigmoid colon, and small intestine.
Abdominal Quadrants
- Right Upper Quadrant: Contains the liver, gallbladder, part of the duodenum, part of the pancreas, right kidney, and right adrenal gland.
- Left Upper Quadrant: Contains the stomach, spleen, part of the duodenum, part of the pancreas, left kidney, and left adrenal gland.
- Right Lower Quadrant: Contains the cecum, appendix, part of the ascending colon, right ovary, and right fallopian tube.
- Left Lower Quadrant: Contains the descending colon, sigmoid colon, left ovary, and left fallopian tube.
Planes
- Sagittal: Divides the body into right and left sections.
- Median: A sagittal plane that goes directly through the middle of the body.
- Transverse: Divides the body into superior and inferior sections.
- Frontal/Coronal: Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
Body Cavities
- Thoracic: Located in the chest, contains the lungs and heart.
- Abdominal: Located in the abdomen, contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, kidneys, and pancreas.
- Pelvic: Located in the pelvis, contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.
Serous Membranes
- Line trunk cavities and cover organs
- Visceral Serous Membranes: Cover the organ.
- Parietal Serous Membranes: Line the cavity wall.
-
Thoracic Cavity: Contains pericardial and pleural cavities.
- Pericardial cavity: surrounds the heart.
- Pleural cavities: surround each lung.
- Abdominopelvic Cavity: Contains the peritoneal cavity.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of anatomy and physiology, including the structure and functions of the body. This quiz focuses on characteristics of life, homeostasis, and feedback mechanisms that maintain stability in living organisms. Test your knowledge in the key concepts and sub-fields that define these biological sciences.
