Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the pH range of acidic substances?
What is the pH range of acidic substances?
- 7 to 14
- 0 to 7 (correct)
- 7 to 10
- 0 to 14
Which of the following substances is considered a base?
Which of the following substances is considered a base?
- Hydrochloric acid
- Sulfuric acid
- Sodium chloride
- Ammonia (correct)
What is the product of a neutralization reaction between an acid and a base?
What is the product of a neutralization reaction between an acid and a base?
- Salt and water (correct)
- Hydrogen and oxygen
- Gas and heat
- Solid and liquid
Which statement correctly describes a salt?
Which statement correctly describes a salt?
Which of the following could increase the acidity of a solution?
Which of the following could increase the acidity of a solution?
Flashcards
Acid
Acid
A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water, making the solution more acidic.
Base
Base
A substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water, making the solution more basic or alkaline.
Salt
Salt
A compound formed by the reaction of an acid and a base, where the hydrogen ions of the acid are replaced by a metal or other positive ion.
pH
pH
Signup and view all the flashcards
pH Adjustment
pH Adjustment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Introduction to Acids, Bases, and Salts
- Acids, bases, and salts are fundamental chemical classes crucial in many chemical reactions and biological processes.
Acids
- Acids are substances that donate a proton (H+) in a chemical reaction.
- Common properties of acids include:
- Sour taste (e.g., lemon juice, vinegar)
- Ability to react with metals, releasing hydrogen gas
- Ability to conduct electricity in aqueous solution
- Turn blue litmus paper red
- Examples of common acids:
- Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
- Sulfuric acid (Hâ‚‚SOâ‚„)
- Nitric acid (HNO₃)
- Acetic acid (CH₃COOH)
Bases
- Bases are substances that accept a proton (H+) in a chemical reaction, or donate a hydroxide ion (OH−).
- Common properties of bases include:
- Bitter taste
- Slippery feel
- Ability to neutralize acids
- Turn red litmus paper blue
- Examples of common bases:
- Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
- Potassium hydroxide (KOH)
- Ammonia (NH₃)
Salts
- Salts are ionic compounds formed by the reaction of an acid and a base.
- The reaction between an acid and a base is known as neutralization.
- This reaction produces water and a salt.
- Salts often dissolve in water to form electrically conductive solutions.
- Examples of salts:
- Sodium chloride (NaCl)
- Potassium nitrate (KNO₃)
- Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃)
pH Scale
- The pH scale is used to measure the acidity or basicity of a solution.
- It ranges from 0 to 14.
- A pH of 7 is neutral (e.g., pure water).
- A pH below 7 indicates an acidic solution.
- A pH above 7 indicates a basic solution.
Arrhenius Theory
- The Arrhenius theory defines acids as substances that increase the concentration of H+ ions in water and bases as those that increase the concentration of OH− ions in water.
Brønsted-Lowry Theory
- The Brønsted-Lowry theory defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors.
Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
- In a Brønsted-Lowry acid-base reaction, the acid loses a proton to form its conjugate base, and the base gains a proton to form its conjugate acid.
Strong vs. Weak Acids/Bases
- Strong acids and bases completely ionize in water.
- Weak acids and bases only partially ionize in water.
Acid-Base Reactions (Neutralization)
- Acid-base reactions often form water and a salt.
- The reaction of an acid and a base can be used to determine the concentration of an unknown solution using titration techniques.
Importance of Acid-Base Balance
- In living organisms, the maintenance of a precise acid-base balance is critical for proper biological function.
- Imbalance can lead to various health problems.
- Buffers play an essential role in maintaining pH equilibrium in biological systems.
Amphoteric Substances
- Some substances can act as either an acid or a base, depending on the reaction conditions (e.g., water, amino acids).
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.