Introduction Chapter 16 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What technique did Rosalind Franklin primarily use to obtain structural details of DNA?

  • Electron microscopy
  • MRI scanning
  • Nuclear magnetic resonance
  • X-ray diffraction (correct)

Which statement best describes the significance of base pairing in DNA structure?

  • Base pairing is crucial for protein synthesis.
  • Base pairing underlies all of life and is fundamental to the double helix. (correct)
  • Base pairing was discovered after the structure of RNA was elucidated.
  • Base pairing was superseded by the discovery of genetic coding.

What aspect of the DNA model is often considered unappreciated according to Frank Skull?

  • The distance between the base pairs G-C and A-T is the same. (correct)
  • There are only two types of base pairs in DNA.
  • The replication process of DNA is semi-conservative.
  • DNA crystallizes more efficiently in a liquid environment.

Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in DNA replication?

<p>Polymerases are the enzymes that mediate polymerization processes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of replication model was tested to determine the nature of DNA replication?

<p>Semiconservative replication model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant goal in the realm of biological research concerning DNA?

<p>To engineer organisms that can produce various amino acids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is RNA polymerase evolutionarily significant?

<p>It shows significant evolutionary similarity across all life forms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What consequence would occur if the physical dimensions between the A-T and G-C base pairs were different?

<p>DNA would not crystallize properly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of an exoribonuclease?

<p>Chews RNA from the ends in the 3 prime to 5 prime direction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes an endoribonuclease?

<p>Cuts RNA from within the sequence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was crucial about the switch from 5S to 16S rRNA for Woese's research?

<p>16S rRNA provided clearer sequence data than 5S (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Carl Woese achieve by isolating chloroplasts?

<p>He was able to characterize chloroplasts' ribosomes and 16S rRNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did T1 ribonuclease contribute to the sequencing of RNA?

<p>It was used to cut RNA at every gene with specificity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can endonucleases do in terms of their cutting pattern?

<p>Be either sequence-specific or nonspecific in their cutting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of Woese's initial challenges with the ribosomal DNA analysis?

<p>Not being able to identify any variation in the sequences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did ribosomal RNA play in Woese's research related to cyanobacteria?

<p>It helped to establish a connection between chloroplasts and cyanobacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constituents make up the large subunit of a prokaryotic ribosome?

<p>31 proteins and 23S RNA (B), 31 proteins and 55 rRNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA is involved in the prokaryotic ribosome's small subunit?

<p>16S rRNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature observed in the 16S rRNA within the ribosome?

<p>It has stems and loops with no base pairing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In PCR, what is the essential function of the magnesium-containing buffer?

<p>To activate the polymerase enzyme. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcomes are expected when crossing P2 +/- female and P2 +/- male mice?

<p>1 +/+; 2 +/-; 1 -/- (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes symbionts from pathogens in microbial contexts?

<p>Symbionts are always present, while pathogens are not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an essential ingredient for PCR?

<p>Carbon dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In regard to RNA, what distinguishes intramolecular base pairing from trans molecular base pairing?

<p>Intramolecular involves base pairing with itself. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of pathobionts?

<p>They can cause harm but are always present. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is true about the structure of DNA compared to RNA in terms of base pairing?

<p>DNA strands bind in opposite linking directions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which location in the human body hosts the highest concentration of microbiota?

<p>Colon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does fermentation differ from respiration in microbial processes?

<p>Respiration uses organic molecules, while fermentation uses non-organic molecules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the state of microbial balance within the gut?

<p>Homeostasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approximate number of bacteria cells can be found in the human gut?

<p>3 billion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria is categorized as non-pathogenic and contributes positively to the host?

<p>Symbionts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the term 'microbiome' in current terminology?

<p>Indicates a focus on enteric bacteria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred over 2 billion years ago that affected life forms on Earth?

<p>The splitting of water leading to oxygen production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the initial rise in oxygen levels and its detrimental effect on existing life forms?

<p>Oxygen catastrophe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Photosystem 2 in chloroplasts?

<p>To split water molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do oxygenic phototrophs utilize sunlight in the process of photosynthesis?

<p>To split water and capture high-energy electrons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of extracting low energy electrons from water in the respiration process?

<p>Reduction of NAD to NADH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Z diagram' represent in the context of chloroplasts?

<p>The energy changes during photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about oxygen levels is accurate?

<p>Oxygen levels gradually increased over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do mitochondria play in the process of oxygen reduction?

<p>They combine low-energy electrons to form water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organisms are fungi classified as?

<p>Eukaryotes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT involved in the hypersensitive response in plants?

<p>Increased nutrient absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'gene for gene' theory implies which of the following?

<p>A match between plant genes and pathogen genes is necessary for a defense response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system is associated with gram-negative bacteria in causing plant disease?

<p>Type three secretion system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding R proteins is correct?

<p>They monitor the activity of plant defense components (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of AVR proteins in plant-pathogen interactions?

<p>They block plant defense signals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents an evolutionary interaction between plants and pathogens?

<p>Plants and pathogens continuously adapt to each other (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'basil alarm system' refer to in plants?

<p>A detection system for infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily triggers the hypersensitive response in plants?

<p>Physical or microbial attack (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about MAPS is true?

<p>They were once referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the guard hypothesis relate to plant immunity?

<p>It relates to how AVR proteins interact with R proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the ubiquitination system play in plants?

<p>It involves immune response regulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes R genes?

<p>They are associated with pathogen detection and resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins are known to be injected by pathogens into plant cells?

<p>AVR proteins that facilitate virulence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Rosalind Franklin's Contribution

Rosalind Franklin used X-ray diffraction to study DNA structure, providing crucial data for understanding its double helix.

Complementary Base Pairing

The fundamental aspect of DNA structure; A pairs with T, and G pairs with C, forming a consistent double helix width.

Base Pair Dimensions

Adenine-thymine (A-T) and guanine-cytosine (G-C) base pairs have the same width, crucial for DNA's stable double helix structure.

DNA Replication

The process of creating identical copies of a DNA molecule using enzymes.

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DNA Replication Enzymes

Enzymes, specifically polymerases, are crucial in DNA replication.

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Semiconservative Replication

A model for DNA replication where each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

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RNA Polymerase

The enzyme responsible for the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template. The evolutionary similarity is important.

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Amino Acid Production

A major biological goal is creating organisms able to produce amino acids from a DNA-coded sequence.

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Prokaryotic Ribosome Large Subunit

Consists of 31 proteins, 55 rRNA molecules, and 23S RNA.

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Prokaryotic Ribosome Small Subunit

Contains 21 proteins and 16S rRNA (1540 nucleotides).

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Intramolecular Base Pairing (RNA)

Base pairing within a single RNA molecule.

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Intermolecular Base Pairing (RNA)

Base pairing between two different RNA molecules or between RNA and DNA.

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16S rRNA Stems and Loops

Structural elements within 16S rRNA, crucial for ribosome function.

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PCR Essential Ingredients

Template DNA, primers, DNA polymerase, nucleotides, and magnesium buffer.

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PCR Analysis

Technique used for analyzing DNA fragments to determine genotype, often combining with electrophoresis.

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P2 Knockout Mouse Genotype Ratio

Crossing P2 +/- parents should yield approximately 1+/+, 2+/- and 1-/- offspring.

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Exoribonuclease

An enzyme that removes nucleotides from the ends of a RNA molecule, specifically from the 3' to 5' end.

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Endoribonuclease

An enzyme that cuts RNA molecules from within the molecule, not at the ends.

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Sequence-Specific Endonuclease

An endonuclease that cuts RNA at specific nucleotide sequences.

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Nonspecific Endonuclease

An endonuclease that cuts RNA at any nucleotide sequence.

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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Variation

Differences in the sequences of rRNA molecules across different organisms.

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16S rRNA

A component of the ribosome, an essential part of protein synthesis.

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Endosymbiotic Theory

The theory that some organelles, like chloroplasts, evolved from free-living bacteria that were engulfed by an ancestral cell.

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Phylogenetic analysis

A method of determining evolutionary relationships among different species using molecular data (like rRNA).

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Oxygen's Impact on Early Life

The emergence of oxygen in the atmosphere was a catastrophe for early life forms because they had no defenses against it.

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Water Splitting: The Game Changer

The evolution of water splitting by early life forms released molecular oxygen into the atmosphere, significantly changing the environment.

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When did Water Splitting Occur?

Water splitting, the process that released oxygen into the atmosphere, began more than 2 billion years ago.

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Water Oxidation: Grabbing Electrons

Water oxidation involves taking low-energy electrons from water molecules, essentially 'grabbing' them.

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Respiratory Chain: Oxygen Reduction

The respiratory chain uses oxygen to accept low-energy electrons, ultimately forming water.

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Photosystem 2: Water Splitting Site

Photosystem 2 is the part of the chloroplast responsible for splitting water molecules.

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Photosystem 1: High-Energy Electrons

Photosystem 1 uses absorbed light energy to boost electrons to a higher energy state.

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Reducing Power: Creating NADH

The high-energy electrons from Photosystem 1 are used to create a molecule called NADH, which carries reducing power.

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Microbiota vs. Microbiome

Microbiota refers to the collection of microbes living in a specific environment, while microbiome refers to the collective genetic material of those microbes.

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Symbionts vs. Pathogens

Symbionts are organisms that live in a mutually beneficial relationship with their host, while pathogens are harmful organisms that cause disease.

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Good Symbionts vs. Bad Symbionts

Good symbionts provide benefits to their host, while bad symbionts, called pathobionts, can potentially cause harm under certain conditions.

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Fermentation vs. Respiration

Fermentation uses non-organic molecules as electron acceptors, while respiration uses organic molecules as electron acceptors.

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Homeostasis vs. Dysbiosis

Homeostasis refers to a balanced state in the gut microbiome, while dysbiosis refers to an imbalance or disruption of the microbiome, often associated with health problems.

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Bacteria in the Gut

The human gut contains trillions of bacteria, roughly the same number as human cells.

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Location of Gut Microbiota

The highest concentration of gut microbiota is in the lower gut, specifically the colon, which is where most of the health benefits are observed.

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What Makes a Good Symbiont?

A good symbiont provides benefits to its host, such as aiding in digestion, producing essential vitamins, and protecting against pathogens.

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Fungi vs. Humans

Fungi are eukaryotes and can be pathogens for plants and cold-blooded animals, but they generally don't thrive at human body temperatures.

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Amphibian Extinction

Many amphibian species have experienced unexplained extinctions since the 1980s, possibly due to fungal infections.

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Hypersensitive Response

A plant's defense mechanism against pathogens, involving localized programmed cell death to prevent infection spread.

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What triggers Hypersensitive Response?

The response is triggered by various threats, including physical damage, viral infection, or fungal invasion.

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Genetic Basis of Hypersensitive Response

Both the plant and the pathogen have specific genes involved in triggering the response. Think of it as a key and lock mechanism.

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Gene-for-Gene Theory

The idea that matching genes in a plant and a pathogen are needed for the hypersensitive response to occur.

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R Genes & Avr Genes

R genes in plants and Avr genes in pathogens are involved in the interaction triggering the hypersensitive response.

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Type III Secretion System

A protein injection system found in gram-negative bacteria that delivers virulence factors directly into the host cell.

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AVR Proteins as Substrates

AVR proteins are secreted by bacteria through the Type III Secretion System and are targeted by the plant's immune system.

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MAPS/PAMPs (Microbial Associated Molecular Patterns)

Molecular patterns on microbes that are recognized by plant immune systems.

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Effectors: Blocking Immunity

Pathogens produce effectors to block the plant's immune system, effectively disabling the plant's defense.

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R Proteins: The Censors

R proteins are like sensors in the plant's cytoplasm, monitoring the presence of invaders and triggering immune responses.

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Evolutionary Arms Race

Plants and pathogens continuously evolve in response to each other, with plants developing new defenses and pathogens overcoming them.

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Guard Hypothesis

R proteins monitor the activity of target components (T) of the plant's defense system and induce hypersensitive response when T is compromised by pathogens.

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AVR PtoB & Ubiquitination

AVR PtoB, an effector protein from the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae, is involved in suppressing plant immunity through the ubiquitination system.

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AVR PtoB: Structure & Function

The structure of AVR PtoB shares similarities with E3 ligases, eukaryotic proteins involved in the ubiquitination system.

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Study Notes

Introduction Chapter 16 Questions

  • Composite organisms: Relate to the endosymbiotic theory, where mitochondria and chloroplasts are considered organelles with their own DNA. Plants are more composite than animals, as plants can survive on their own.
  • Horizontal gene transfer: Previously labeled as infective heredity, this process is the transfer of genetic material between cells.
  • Inaccurate information: The text notes that bacteria were historically described as invisible by the naked eye, but this is inaccurate. There was a wrong credit given for a microbiologist who discovered bacteria growth on a potato's surface. It was actually Robert Hooke.

Lecture - Basic Structures and Processes in Prokaryotic Cells

  • Complicated cells: Prokaryotic cells, unlike initially thought, are more complex, containing regions within the cytoplasm.
  • Cytoplasmic Regions: Prokaryotic cells have regions of the cytoplasm with varying properties, including metabolic activity. This is different from eukaryotic cells where these are bounded by membranes.

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Test your understanding of key concepts in Chapter 16, focusing on composite organisms, horizontal gene transfer, and prokaryotic cell structures. This quiz covers important inaccuracies in historical microbiology and explores the complexity of prokaryotic cells. Prepare to delve deeper into these fascinating biological topics!

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